在大规模城市调光实验中从天空辉光测量恢复城市街道照明部分
Recovering the city street lighting fraction from skyglow measurements in a large-scale municipal dimming experiment
摘要：
在大多数城市环境中，人为的天空辉光主导着自然夜空的景观，而夜间人造光（ALAN）在城市环境中的相关排放涉及许多已知和可疑的负外部性。降低城市中ALAN消耗的一种方法是在夜间调暗或熄灭公共户外照明;然而，文献中很少有关于这些计划的有效性的报道。在这里，我们报告了迄今为止最大的市政照明调光实验之一的结果，涉及美国亚利桑那州图森市拥有和运营的$\sim$ 20，000个道路灯具。我们分析了测试期间获得的宽带夜空辐射的单通道和空间分辨地面测量，确定测试期间天顶天空亮度降低了（$-5.4\pm0.9$）%靠近市中心，当街道照明系统的输出在当地午夜之后从其全功率汲取的90%调暗到30%时，在邻近郊区位置的夜间的（$-3.6\pm0.9$）%。模拟这些变化与辐射转移代码产生的结果表明，路灯约占（$14\pm1$）%的光排放，导致在城市上空看到的天空辉光。从第一原理的一个单独的推导意味着，街道照明只贡献了图森上空天顶所见光的2-3%。我们讨论了这种不一致性，并建议今后的工作路线。
英文摘要：
Anthropogenic skyglow dominates views of the natural night sky in most urban settings, and the associated emission of artificial light at night (ALAN) into the environment of cities involves a number of known and suspected negative externalities. One approach to lowering consumption of ALAN in cities is dimming or extinguishing publicly owned outdoor lighting during overnight hours; however, there are few reports in the literature about the efficacy of these programs. Here we report the results of one of the largest municipal lighting dimming experiments to date, involving $\sim$20,000 roadway luminaires owned and operated by the City of Tucson, Arizona, U.S. We analyzed both single-channel and spatially resolved ground-based measurements of broadband night sky radiance obtained during the tests, determining that the zenith sky brightness during the tests decreased by ($-5.4\pm0.9$)% near the city center and ($-3.6\pm0.9$)% at an adjacent suburban location on nights when the output of the street lighting system was dimmed from 90% of its full power draw to 30% after local midnight. Modeling these changes with a radiative transfer code yields results suggesting that street lights account for about ($14\pm1$)% of light emissions resulting in skyglow seen over the city. A separate derivation from first principles implies that street lighting contributes only 2-3% of light seen at the zenith over Tucson. We discuss this inconsistency and suggest routes for future work.
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