市政LED街道照明转换引起的亚利桑那州图森市上空的余辉变化
Skyglow Changes Over Tucson, Arizona, Resulting From A Municipal LED Street Lighting Conversion
摘要：
从早期的照明技术到白色发光二极管（LED）的过渡是夜间使用人造光的一个重大变化。LED比早期的技术在每流明的基础上向环境中发射更多的短波长光。辐射转移模型预测，除非减少新照明系统的总流明输出，否则过渡到LED的城市的天空辉光会增加。亚利桑那州图森市（美国），最近，该公司将其市政街道照明系统从全屏蔽高压和低压钠（HPS/LPS）灯具的混合物转换为全屏蔽3000 K白光LED灯具。照明设计的目的是尽量减少增加天空辉光，以保护附近的天文观测站的网站，而不损害公共安全。这涉及到超过4.45亿完全屏蔽的HPS/LPS流明迁移到大约1.42亿完全屏蔽的3000 K白光LED流明，以及预期的图森上空可见天空辉光量的减少。SkyGlow模拟器模型预测，根据使用的是完全屏蔽还是部分屏蔽的灯光，天光会减少10-20%。我们使用视觉夜空亮度估计和亮度校准的全色全天空图像在城市及其附近的15个位置测试了这一预测。数据是在LED转换开始之前的2014年和$\sim$ 18，000个灯具中约95%转换之后的2017年年中获得的。Skyglow略有不同，在所有情况下，有效数据的变化均为$<{\pm}$ 20%。在同一时期，从地球轨道探测到的该市向上的光学辐射下降了约7%。虽然这些结果并不是决定性的，但它们表明LED转换与调光相结合可以减少城市的天空辉光。
英文摘要：
The transition from earlier lighting technologies to white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is a significant change in the use of artificial light at night. LEDs emit considerably more short-wavelength light into the environment than earlier technologies on a per-lumen basis. Radiative transfer models predict increased skyglow over cities transitioning to LED unless the total lumen output of new lighting systems is reduced. The City of Tucson, Arizona (U.S.), recently converted its municipal street lighting system from a mixture of fully shielded high- and low-pressure sodium (HPS/LPS) luminaires to fully shielded 3000 K white LED luminaires. The lighting design intended to minimize increases to skyglow in order to protect the sites of nearby astronomical observatories without compromising public safety. This involved the migration of over 445 million fully shielded HPS/LPS lumens to roughly 142 million fully shielded 3000 K white LED lumens and an expected concomitant reduction in the amount of visual skyglow over Tucson. SkyGlow Simulator models predict skyglow decreases on the order of 10-20% depending on whether fully shielded or partly shielded lights are in use. We tested this prediction using visual night sky brightness estimates and luminance-calibrated, panchromatic all-sky imagery at 15 locations in and near the city. Data were obtained in 2014, before the LED conversion began, and in mid-2017 after approximately 95% of $\sim$18,000 luminaires was converted. Skyglow differed marginally, and in all cases with valid data changed by $<{\pm}$20%. Over the same period, the city's upward-directed optical radiance detected from Earth orbit decreased by approximately 7%. While these results are not conclusive, they suggest that LED conversions paired with dimming can reduce skyglow over cities.
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