As deep learning have been applied in a clinical context, privacy concerns have increased because of the collection and processing of a large amount of personal data. Recently, federated learning (FL) has been suggested to protect personal privacy because it does not centralize data during the training phase. In this study, we assessed the reliability and performance of FL on benchmark datasets including MNIST and MIMIC-III. In addition, we attempted to verify FL on datasets that simulated a realistic clinical data distribution. We implemented FL that uses a client and server architecture and tested client and server FL on modified MNIST and MIMIC-III datasets. FL delivered reliable performance on both imbalanced and extremely skewed distributions (i.e., the difference of the number of patients and the characteristics of patients in each hospital). Therefore, FL can be suitable to protect privacy when applied to medical data.
Federated learning for violence incident prediction in a simulated cross-institutional psychiatric setting
Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学）；KPMG N.V.（毕马威公司）；Eindhoven University of Technology（埃因霍温理工大学）；University Medical Centre Utrecht（乌得勒支大学医学中心）；Leiden University Medical Centre（莱顿大学医学中心）；Boğaziçi University（海峡大学）；Leiden University（莱顿大学）
Benchmark Evaluation of Federated Learning on Multi-organ Images
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University（湖南生物信息省重点实验室，计算机科学与工程学院，中南大学）；Xinjiang Engineering Research Center of Big Data and Intelligent Software, School of software, Xinjiang University（新疆大数据与智能软件工程研究中心，软件学院，新疆大学）
IPMN Risk Assessment under Federated Learning Paradigm
Northwestern University（西北大学）；Istanbul University（伊斯坦布尔大学）；University of Catania（卡塔尼亚大学）；Erasmus Medical Center（伊拉斯姆斯医学中心）；University of Wisconsin（威斯康星大学）；Mayo Clinic（梅奥诊所）；New York University（纽约大学）；NVIDIA（英伟达公司）
Secure Multi-Modal Data Fusion in Federated Digital Health Systems via MCP
School of Information, Computer, and Communication Technology（信息、计算机与通信技术学院）；Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University（泰国朱拉安吞国际技术学院，泰国 Thammasat 大学）
Distribution-Free Federated Learning with Conformal Predictions
Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital（马萨诸塞州总医院阿蒂努拉·A·马蒂诺斯生物医学成像中心）；Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院放射学系）
Federated Learning for Clinical Structured Data: A Benchmark Comparison of Engineering and Statistical Approaches
Duke-NUS Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；Duke University（杜克大学）；Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research（新加坡科技研究局高性能计算研究院）；Singapore Health Services（新加坡保健服务集团）；Singapore General Hospital（新加坡中央医院）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
From Challenges and Pitfalls to Recommendations and Opportunities: Implementing Federated Learning in Healthcare
Imperial College London（伦敦帝国学院）；Massachusetts General Hospital（麻省总医院）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University（康奈尔大学威尔医学院）；Royal Brompton Hospital（皇家布朗普顿医院）；King’s College London（伦敦国王学院）
Federated and distributed learning applications for electronic health records and structured medical data: A scoping review
Duke-NUS Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；National Dental Research Institute Singapore（新加坡国家牙科研究所）；National Dental Centre Singapore（新加坡国家牙科中心）；Oral Health Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院口腔健康学术临床项目）；Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院卫生服务与系统研究项目）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Duke University（杜克大学）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡国家眼科中心）；Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究所）；Imperial College London（伦敦帝国理工学院）；Singapore General Hospital（新加坡中央医院）；Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学数据科学研究院）
FedMood: Federated Learning on Mobile Health Data for Mood Detection
School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学网络空间科学与技术学院）；Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing（北京大数据与脑计算高精尖创新中心）；University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）；Fordham University（福特汉姆大学）；Lehigh University（理海大学）
Adaptive Federated Few-Shot Rare-Disease Diagnosis with Energy-Aware Secure Aggregation
School of Information, Computer, and Communication Technology（信息、计算机与通信技术学院）；Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University（泰国朱拉隆功大学国际技术学院）
History-Aware and Dynamic Client Contribution in Federated Learning
Max Planck Institute for Software Systems, Germany（马克斯·普朗克软件系统研究所，德国）；Univ. Lille, Inria, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 - CRIStAL, France（里尔大学，法国）；Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore（高性能计算研究所（IHPC），新加坡）；EVYD Technology, Singapore（EVYD技术公司，新加坡）
Department of Medical Data Science（医学数据科学系）；Wakayama Medical University（福冈医疗大学）；Department of Biomedical Sciences and Informatics（生物医学科学与信息学系）；Doshisha University（多摩大学）；Department of Biostatistics（生物统计学系）
LF2L: Loss Fusion Horizontal Federated Learning Across Heterogeneous Feature Spaces Using External Datasets Effectively: A Case Study in Second Primary Cancer Prediction
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University（国立阳明交通大学）
A Client-level Assessment of Collaborative Backdoor Poisoning in Non-IID Federated Learning
University at Albany（阿尔巴尼大学）；Meta Inc.（Meta公司）；New Jersey Institute of Technology（新泽西理工学院）；Qatar Computing Research Institute（卡塔尔计算研究院）；University of Arkansas（阿肯色大学）
Fed-ReMasker: Federated Tabular Imputation under Feature-Level Missingness
ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research University of Bern（伯尔尼大学生物医学工程研究中心）；Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences University of Bern（伯尔尼大学细胞与生物医学科学研究生院）
Embedding-Based Federated Learning with Runtime Governance for Iron Deficiency Prediction
Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK；Translational AI Laboratory, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands；Precision Health University Research Institute Queen Mary Univ. of London London, UK；Department of Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, UK；Transplant Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, UK；Dept. of Cardiology Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
