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arXiv 2005.10108astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GA
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低金属丰度演化大质量恒星II。小麦哲伦星云中的红超巨星

Evolved Massive Stars at Low-metallicity II. Red Supergiant Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Ming Yang, Alceste Z. Bonanos, Bi-Wei Jiang, Jian Gao, Panagiotis Gavras, Grigoris Maravelias, Shu Wang, Xiao-Dian Chen, Frank Tramper, Yi Ren, Zoi T. Spetsieri, Meng-Yao Xue

备注：
18 pages, 12 figures, A&A accepted
发表信息：
A&A 639, A116 (2020)
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摘要：

我们提供了迄今为止最全面的SMC RSG样本，包括1，239名RSG候选人。初始样本是根据SMC的源目录导出的，具有保守的排名。从文献中检索其他光谱RSG，以及从CMD检查中选择的RSG候选者。我们估计SMC中总共有$\sim$ 1，800个或更多RSG。我们通过研究红外CMD和物体的可变性来纯化样品，尽管AGB和RSG之间仍然存在模糊性。与银河系和LMC（$\sim$ 15\%）相比，显示PAH发射特征的RSG候选者（$\sim$ 4\%）要少得多。RSG样品的MIR光变率随光度的增加而增加。我们将RSG样本分为两个子样本（“风险”和“安全”），并在“风险”子样本中识别出一颗M5e AGB星。大变率的目标大多数也是MLR大的亮目标。一些目标显示出过量的粉尘排放，这可能与以前的幕式质量损失事件有关。我们还粗略估计了整个RSG人口产生的总气体和尘埃预算为$\rm \sim1.9^{+2.4}_{-1.1}\times10^{-6}~M_{\odot}/yr$在最保守的情况下。基于MIST模型，我们推导了RSG样品的$T_{\rm eff}$和观测到的$\rm J-K_S$颜色之间的线性关系，并进行了红化校正。通过使用恒定的热辐射修正和这种关系，将日内瓦进化模型与我们的RSG样本进行比较，显示出良好的一致性，并且RSG种群的$\sim$ 7 $\rm M_\odot $的初始质量限值较低。最后，我们比较了SMC和LMC中的RSG样本。尽管LMC样品在暗端不完整，但结果表明LMC样品总是显示出比SMC样品更红的颜色（除了由于CO吸收而导致的$\rm IRAC1-IRAC2$和$\rm WISE1-WISE2$颜色）和更大的可变性。

英文摘要：

We present the most comprehensive RSG sample for the SMC up to now, including 1,239 RSG candidates. The initial sample is derived based on a source catalog for the SMC with conservative ranking. Additional spectroscopic RSGs are retrieved from the literature, as well as RSG candidates selected from the inspection of CMDs. We estimate that there are in total $\sim$ 1,800 or more RSGs in the SMC. We purify the sample by studying the infrared CMDs and the variability of the objects, though there is still an ambiguity between AGBs and RSGs. There are much less RSGs candidates ($\sim$4\%) showing PAH emission features compared to the Milky Way and LMC ($\sim$15\%). The MIR variability of RSG sample increases with luminosity. We separate the RSG sample into two subsamples ("risky" and "safe") and identify one M5e AGB star in the "risky" subsample. Most of the targets with large variability are also the bright ones with large MLR. Some targets show excessive dust emission, which may be related to previous episodic mass loss events. We also roughly estimate the total gas and dust budget produced by entire RSG population as $\rm \sim1.9^{+2.4}_{-1.1}\times10^{-6}~M_{\odot}/yr$ in the most conservative case. Based on the MIST models, we derive a linear relation between $T_{\rm eff}$ and observed $\rm J-K_S$ color with reddening correction for the RSG sample. By using a constant bolometric correction and this relation, the Geneva evolutionary model is compared with our RSG sample, showing a good agreement and a lower initial mass limit of $\sim$7 $\rm M_\odot $ for the RSG population. Finally, we compare the RSG sample in the SMC and the LMC. Despite the incompleteness of LMC sample in the faint end, the result indicates that the LMC sample always shows redder color (except for the $\rm IRAC1-IRAC2$ and $\rm WISE1-WISE2$ colors due to CO absorption) and larger variability than the SMC sample.

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