用CoREAS模拟倾斜空气簇射辐射足迹的折射位移
Refractive displacement of the radio-emission footprint of inclined air showers simulated with CoREAS
摘要：
由于地磁辐射和电荷过剩辐射的叠加，广泛的空气簇射的无线电发射的足迹已知表现出不对称性。对于倾斜的空气簇射，几何早-晚效应进一步干扰信号分布。校正这些不对称的COREAS模拟揭示了一个额外的干扰，在大气中的高度倾斜的阵雨与现实的折射率分布的信号分布。这种额外的明显不对称实际上是由于无线电发射足迹相对于地面上的蒙特卡罗簇射撞击点的系统位移造成的。对于天顶距为$85^\circ$的簇射，我们发现地平面上的位移为$\sim 1500\,\text{m}$，说明这种效应在实际应用中是相关的。基于斯涅耳定律的大气折射模型描述了这种位移，与我们从CoREAS模拟中观察到的结果吻合得很好。因此，我们得出结论，位移是由大气折射引起的。
英文摘要：
The footprint of radio emission from extensive air showers is known to exhibit asymmetries due to the superposition of geomagnetic and charge-excess radiation. For inclined air showers a geometric early-late effect disturbs the signal distribution further. Correcting CoREAS simulations for these asymmetries reveals an additional disturbance in the signal distribution of highly inclined showers in atmospheres with a realistic refractive index profile. This additional apparent asymmetry in fact arises from a systematic displacement of the radio-emission footprint with respect to the Monte-Carlo shower impact point on the ground. We find a displacement of $\sim 1500\,\text{m}$ in the ground plane for showers with a zenith angle of $85^\circ$, illustrating that the effect is relevant in practical applications. A model describing this displacement by refraction in the atmosphere based on Snell's law yields good agreement with our observations from CoREAS simulations. We thus conclude that the displacement is caused by refraction in the atmosphere.
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