量子统计学的算符代数告诉了我们什么关于可观测效应的客观原因？
What does the operator algebra of quantum statistics tell us about the objective causes of observable effects?
摘要：
量子物理学只能对可能的测量结果进行统计预测，这些预测来自算子代数，与传统的概率定义有根本的不同，因为它主观地缺乏关于系统物理现实的信息。在本文中，我将探讨如何运营商形式主义容纳大量的可能的状态和测量，其基本功能的描述初始条件和随后的观察之间的因果关系的特征。它表明，任何完整的因果关系的描述必须涉及非积极的统计元素，不能与任何直接观察到的影响。通过对理想关联的唯一定义的数学描述，证明了非正元素的必要性，从而解释了最大纠缠态、量子隐形传态和量子克隆等物理现象。因此，算子形式主义通过提供初始状态和后续观测之间的确定性关系的普遍有效的描述来修改因果关系的概念，这些关系不能用直接可观察的测量结果来表达。相反，因果关系的可识别要素必然是非积极的，因此是不可观察的。因此，算子代数的有效性表明，只有当我们学会接受这样一个事实，即因果关系的元素不能与物理对象中可观察现实的延续相调和时，才有可能对与物理对象相关的各种不确定性有限现象做出一致的解释。
英文摘要：
Quantum physics can only make statistical predictions about possible measurement outcomes, and these predictions originate from an operator algebra that is fundamentally different from the conventional definition of probability as a subjective lack of information regarding the physical reality of the system. In the present paper, I explore how the operator formalism accommodates the vast number of possible states and measurements by characterizing its essential function as a description of causality relations between initial conditions and subsequent observations. It is shown that any complete description of causality must involve non-positive statistical elements that cannot be associated with any directly observable effects. The necessity of non-positive elements is demonstrated by the uniquely defined mathematical description of ideal correlations which explains the physics of maximally entangled states, quantum teleportation and quantum cloning. The operator formalism thus modifies the concept of causality by providing a universally valid description of deterministic relations between initial states and subsequent observations that cannot be expressed in terms of directly observable measurement outcomes. Instead, the identifiable elements of causality are necessarily non-positive and hence unobservable. The validity of the operator algebra therefore indicates that a consistent explanation of the various uncertainty limited phenomena associated with physical objects is only possible if we learn to accept the fact that the elements of causality cannot be reconciled with a continuation of observable reality in the physical object.
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