arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2005.02064math.CA
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五次多项式与笛卡尔符号法则

Degree 5 polynomials and Descartes' rule of signs

Hassen Cheriha, Yousra Gati, Vladimir Petrov Kostov

摘要:

对于一个没有零系数的一元实多项式,笛卡尔的符号规则(通过傅立叶的观察来完成)说,它的正根数$pos$和负根数$neg$(用重数计数)分别被其系数序列中符号变化和符号不变化的数$c$和$p$优化,并且差值$c-pos$和$p-neg$是偶数。对于5次多项式,A.~ Albouy和Y.~ Fu证明不存在这样的多项式,其具有三个不同的正根且没有负根,并且其系数的符号是$(+,+,-,+,-,-)$(或具有三个不同的负根且没有正根,并且其系数的符号是$(+,-,-,-,-,+)$)。对于阶数为5且首项系数为正时,这些都是正根和负根的数目(都是不同的)以及系数的符号与笛卡尔符号规则相容的情况,但不存在这样的多项式。我们通过显示多项式族$x^5+x^4+ax^3+bx^2+cx+d$的判别集以及坐标轴的图片来解释$d=5$的这种不存在性以及在所有其他情况下的存在性。

英文摘要:

For a univariate real polynomial without zero coefficients, Descartes' rule of signs (completed by an observation of Fourier) says that its numbers $pos$ of positive and $neg$ of negative roots (counted with multiplicity) are majorized respectively by the numbers $c$ and $p$ of sign changes and sign preservartions in the sequence of its coefficients, and that the differences $c-pos$ and $p-neg$ are even numbers. For degree 5 polynomials, it has been proved by A.~Albouy and Y.~Fu that there exist no such polynomials having three distinct positive and no negative roots and whose signs of the coefficients are $(+,+,-,+,-,-)$ (or having three distinct negative and no positive roots and whose signs of the coefficients are $(+,-,-,-,-,+)$). For degree 5 and when the leading coefficient is positive, these are all cases of numbers of positive and negative roots (all distinct) and signs of the coefficients which are compatible with Descartes' rule of signs, but for which there exist no such polynomials. We explain this non-existence and the existence in all other cases with $d=5$ by means of pictures showing the discriminant set of the family of polynomials $x^5+x^4+ax^3+bx^2+cx+d$ together with the coordinate axes.

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