In this paper, we propose a method to extract bilingual texts automatically from noisy parallel corpora by framing the problem as a token-level span prediction, such as SQuAD-style Reading Comprehension. To extract a span of the target document that is a translation of a given source sentence (span), we use either QANet or multilingual BERT. QANet can be trained for a specific parallel corpus from scratch, while multilingual BERT can utilize pre-trained multilingual representations. For the span prediction method using QANet, we introduce a total optimization method using integer linear programming to achieve consistency in the predicted parallel spans. We conduct a parallel sentence extraction experiment using simulated noisy parallel corpora with two language pairs (En-Fr and En-Ja) and find that the proposed method using QANet achieves significantly better accuracy than a baseline method using two bi-directional RNN encoders, particularly for distant language pairs (En-Ja). We also conduct a sentence alignment experiment using En-Ja newspaper articles and find that the proposed method using multilingual BERT achieves significantly better accuracy than a baseline method using a bilingual dictionary and dynamic programming.
In this work, we analyze how human gaze during reading comprehension is conditioned on the given reading comprehension question, and whether this signal can be beneficial for machine reading comprehension. To this end, we collect a new eye-tracking dataset with a large number of participants engaging in a multiple choice reading comprehension task. Our analysis of this data reveals increased fixation times over parts of the text that are most relevant for answering the question. Motivated by this finding, we propose making automated reading comprehension more human-like by mimicking human info…
iFLYTEK Research（讯飞研究院）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）
Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) has become enormously popular recently and has attracted a lot of attention. However, existing reading comprehension datasets are mostly in English. To add diversity in reading comprehension datasets, in this paper we propose a new Chinese reading comprehension dataset for accelerating related research in the community. The proposed dataset contains two different types: cloze-style reading comprehension and user query reading comprehension, associated with large-scale training data as well as human-annotated validation and hidden test set. Along with this da…
Victoria University（维多利亚大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）
Reading comprehension is an important ability of human intelligence. Literacy and numeracy are two most essential foundation for people to succeed at study, at work and in life. Reading comprehension ability is a core component of literacy. In most of the education systems, developing reading comprehension ability is compulsory in the curriculum from year one to year 12. It is an indispensable ability in the dissemination of knowledge. With the emerging artificial intelligence, computers start to be able to read and understand like people in some context. They can even read better than human b…
Delta Research Center（台达研究中心）；Delta Electronics, Inc.（台达电子工业股份有限公司）
In this paper, we introduce DRCD (Delta Reading Comprehension Dataset), an open domain traditional Chinese machine reading comprehension (MRC) dataset. This dataset aimed to be a standard Chinese machine reading comprehension dataset, which can be a source dataset in transfer learning. The dataset contains 10,014 paragraphs from 2,108 Wikipedia articles and 30,000+ questions generated by annotators. We build a baseline model that achieves an F1 score of 89.59%. F1 score of Human performance is 93.30%.
TOYOTA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE AT CHICAGO（芝加哥丰田理工学院）
Constructing a machine that understands human language is one of the most elusive and long-standing challenges in artificial intelligence. This thesis addresses this challenge through studies of reading comprehension with a focus on understanding entities and their relationships. More specifically, we focus on question answering tasks designed to measure reading comprehension. We focus on entities and relations because they are typically used to represent the semantics of natural language.
We present STARC (Structured Annotations for Reading Comprehension), a new annotation framework for assessing reading comprehension with multiple choice questions. Our framework introduces a principled structure for the answer choices and ties them to textual span annotations. The framework is implemented in OneStopQA, a new high-quality dataset for evaluation and analysis of reading comprehension in English. We use this dataset to demonstrate that STARC can be leveraged for a key new application for the development of SAT-like reading comprehension materials: automatic annotation quality prob…
We present a large-scale dataset, ReCoRD, for machine reading comprehension requiring commonsense reasoning. Experiments on this dataset demonstrate that the performance of state-of-the-art MRC systems fall far behind human performance. ReCoRD represents a challenge for future research to bridge the gap between human and machine commonsense reading comprehension. ReCoRD is available at http://nlp.jhu.edu/record.
Amazon Research（亚马逊研究院）；ALTA Institute（ALTA研究所）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）
Automating the assessment of learner summaries provides a useful tool for assessing learner reading comprehension. We present a summarization task for evaluating non-native reading comprehension and propose three novel approaches to automatically assess the learner summaries. We evaluate our models on two datasets we created and show that our models outperform traditional approaches that rely on exact word match on this task. Our best model produces quality assessments close to professional examiners.
University of Information Technology（信息技术大学）；Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City（胡志明市越南国家大学）
Machine Reading Comprehension has become one of the most advanced and popular research topics in the fields of Natural Language Processing in recent years. The classification of answerability questions is a relatively significant sub-task in machine reading comprehension; however, there haven't been many studies. Retro-Reader is one of the studies that has solved this problem effectively. However, the encoders of most traditional machine reading comprehension models in general and Retro-Reader, in particular, have not been able to exploit the contextual semantic information of the context comp…
Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) is a task that requires machine to understand natural language and answer questions by reading a document. It is the core of automatic response technology such as chatbots and automatized customer supporting systems. We present Korean Question Answering Dataset(KorQuAD), a large-scale Korean dataset for extractive machine reading comprehension task. It consists of 70,000+ human generated question-answer pairs on Korean Wikipedia articles. We release KorQuAD1.0 and launch a challenge at https://KorQuAD.github.io to encourage the development of multilingual na…
Machine reading comprehension have been intensively studied in recent years, and neural network-based models have shown dominant performances. In this paper, we present a Sogou Machine Reading Comprehension (SMRC) toolkit that can be used to provide the fast and efficient development of modern machine comprehension models, including both published models and original prototypes. To achieve this goal, the toolkit provides dataset readers, a flexible preprocessing pipeline, necessary neural network components, and built-in models, which make the whole process of data preparation, model construct…
Numerical reasoning, such as addition, subtraction, sorting and counting is a critical skill in human's reading comprehension, which has not been well considered in existing machine reading comprehension (MRC) systems. To address this issue, we propose a numerical MRC model named as NumNet, which utilizes a numerically-aware graph neural network to consider the comparing information and performs numerical reasoning over numbers in the question and passage. Our system achieves an EM-score of 64.56% on the DROP dataset, outperforming all existing machine reading comprehension models by consideri…
University of California, Irvine（加州大学欧文分校）；Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence（艾伦人工智能研究所）
Reading comprehension is one of the crucial tasks for furthering research in natural language understanding. A lot of diverse reading comprehension datasets have recently been introduced to study various phenomena in natural language, ranging from simple paraphrase matching and entity typing to entity tracking and understanding the implications of the context. Given the availability of many such datasets, comprehensive and reliable evaluation is tedious and time-consuming for researchers working on this problem. We present an evaluation server, ORB, that reports performance on seven diverse re…
This paper presents BiPaR, a bilingual parallel novel-style machine reading comprehension (MRC) dataset, developed to support multilingual and cross-lingual reading comprehension. The biggest difference between BiPaR and existing reading comprehension datasets is that each triple (Passage, Question, Answer) in BiPaR is written parallelly in two languages. We collect 3,667 bilingual parallel paragraphs from Chinese and English novels, from which we construct 14,668 parallel question-answer pairs via crowdsourced workers following a strict quality control procedure. We analyze BiPaR in depth and…
Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；iFLYTEK Research（科大讯飞研究院）；iFLYTEK AI Research (Hebei)（科大讯飞人工智能研究院（河北））
Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) has become enormously popular recently and has attracted a lot of attention. However, the existing reading comprehension datasets are mostly in English. In this paper, we introduce a Span-Extraction dataset for Chinese machine reading comprehension to add language diversities in this area. The dataset is composed by near 20,000 real questions annotated on Wikipedia paragraphs by human experts. We also annotated a challenge set which contains the questions that need comprehensive understanding and multi-sentence inference throughout the context. We present se…
Substantial improvements have been made in machine reading comprehension, where the machine answers questions based on a given context. Current state-of-the-art models even surpass human performance on several benchmarks. However, their abilities in the cross-lingual scenario are still to be explored. Previous works have revealed the abilities of pre-trained multilingual models for zero-shot cross-lingual reading comprehension. In this paper, we further utilized unlabeled data to improve the performance. The model is first supervised-trained on source language corpus, and then self-trained wit…
Machine reading comprehension aims to teach machines to understand a text like a human and is a new challenging direction in Artificial Intelligence. This article summarizes recent advances in MRC, mainly focusing on two aspects (i.e., corpus and techniques). The specific characteristics of various MRC corpus are listed and compared. The main ideas of some typical MRC techniques are also described.
This paper presents an evaluation of the quality of automatically generated reading comprehension questions from Swedish text, using the Quinductor method. This method is a light-weight, data-driven but non-neural method for automatic question generation (QG). The evaluation shows that Quinductor is a viable QG method that can provide a strong baseline for neural-network-based QG methods.
This study aims at solving the Machine Reading Comprehension problem where questions have to be answered given a context passage. The challenge is to develop a computationally faster model which will have improved inference time. State of the art in many natural language understanding tasks, BERT model, has been used and knowledge distillation method has been applied to train two smaller models. The developed models are compared with other models which have been developed with the same intention.
Machine reading comprehension is a challenging task and hot topic in natural language processing. Its goal is to develop systems to answer the questions regarding a given context. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on different aspects of machine reading comprehension systems, including their approaches, structures, input/outputs, and research novelties. We illustrate the recent trends in this field based on 241 reviewed papers from 2016 to 2020. Our investigations demonstrate that the focus of research has changed in recent years from answer extraction to answer generation, from…
Multi-choice reading comprehension is a challenging task, which involves the matching between a passage and a question-answer pair. This paper proposes a new co-matching approach to this problem, which jointly models whether a passage can match both a question and a candidate answer. Experimental results on the RACE dataset demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance.
Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；Tencent AI Lab（腾讯人工智能实验室）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence（艾伦人工智能研究所）
We present DREAM, the first dialogue-based multiple-choice reading comprehension dataset. Collected from English-as-a-foreign-language examinations designed by human experts to evaluate the comprehension level of Chinese learners of English, our dataset contains 10,197 multiple-choice questions for 6,444 dialogues. In contrast to existing reading comprehension datasets, DREAM is the first to focus on in-depth multi-turn multi-party dialogue understanding. DREAM is likely to present significant challenges for existing reading comprehension systems: 84% of answers are non-extractive, 85% of ques…
Fine-Grained Prediction of Reading Comprehension from Eye Movements
Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology（以色列理工学院数据与决策科学学院）；Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院脑与认知科学系）
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）
Motivated by recent evidence pointing out the fragility of high-performing span prediction models, we direct our attention to multiple choice reading comprehension. In particular, this work introduces a novel method for improving answer selection on long documents through weighted global normalization of predictions over portions of the documents. We show that applying our method to a span prediction model adapted for answer selection helps model performance on long summaries from NarrativeQA, a challenging reading comprehension dataset with an answer selection task, and we strongly improve on…
SberQuAD -- a large scale analog of Stanford SQuAD in the Russian language - is a valuable resource that has not been properly presented to the scientific community. We fill this gap by providing a description, a thorough analysis, and baseline experimental results.
University of Information Technology（信息科技大学）；Vietnam National University（越南国立大学）
Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a challenging task in natural language processing that makes computers understanding natural language texts and answer questions based on those texts. There are many techniques for solving this problems, and word representation is a very important technique that impact most to the accuracy of machine reading comprehension problem in the popular languages like English and Chinese. However, few studies on MRC have been conducted in low-resource languages such as Vietnamese. In this paper, we conduct several experiments on neural network-based model to under…
Implicit arguments, which cannot be detected solely through syntactic cues, make it harder to extract predicate-argument tuples. We present a new model for implicit argument prediction that draws on reading comprehension, casting the predicate-argument tuple with the missing argument as a query. We also draw on pointer networks and multi-hop computation. Our model shows good performance on an argument cloze task as well as on a nominal implicit argument prediction task.
Microsoft Research（微软研究院）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）
We propose a simple yet robust stochastic answer network (SAN) that simulates multi-step reasoning in machine reading comprehension. Compared to previous work such as ReasoNet which used reinforcement learning to determine the number of steps, the unique feature is the use of a kind of stochastic prediction dropout on the answer module (final layer) of the neural network during the training. We show that this simple trick improves robustness and achieves results competitive to the state-of-the-art on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD), the Adversarial SQuAD, and the Microsoft MAch…
Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago（芝加哥丰田工业大学）；University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）
Progress in text understanding has been driven by large datasets that test particular capabilities, like recent datasets for reading comprehension (Hermann et al., 2015). We focus here on the LAMBADA dataset (Paperno et al., 2016), a word prediction task requiring broader context than the immediate sentence. We view LAMBADA as a reading comprehension problem and apply comprehension models based on neural networks. Though these models are constrained to choose a word from the context, they improve the state of the art on LAMBADA from 7.3% to 49%. We analyze 100 instances, finding that neural ne…
School of Mathematics and Statistics（数学与统计学院）；Guangdong University of Technology（广东工业大学）
While most successful approaches for machine reading comprehension rely on single training objective, it is assumed that the encoder layer can learn great representation through the loss function we define in the predict layer, which is cross entropy in most of time, in the case that we first use neural networks to encode the question and paragraph, then directly fuse the encoding result of them. However, due to the distantly loss backpropagating in reading comprehension, the encoder layer cannot learn effectively and be directly supervised. Thus, the encoder layer can not learn the representa…
Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad（印度信息技术学院阿拉哈巴德分校）
Reading comprehension, which has been defined as gaining an understanding of written text through a process of translating grapheme into meaning, is an important academic skill. Other language learning skills - writing, speaking and listening, all are connected to reading comprehension. There have been several measures proposed by researchers to automate the assessment of comprehension skills for second language (L2) learners, especially English as Second Language (ESL) and English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners. However, current methods measure particular skills without analysing the impa…
We propose a machine reading comprehension model based on the compare-aggregate framework with two-staged attention that achieves state-of-the-art results on the MovieQA question answering dataset. To investigate the limitations of our model as well as the behavioral difference between convolutional and recurrent neural networks, we generate adversarial examples to confuse the model and compare to human performance. Furthermore, we assess the generalizability of our model by analyzing its differences to human inference,
The focus of past machine learning research for Reading Comprehension tasks has been primarily on the design of novel deep learning architectures. Here we show that seemingly minor choices made on (1) the use of pre-trained word embeddings, and (2) the representation of out-of-vocabulary tokens at test time, can turn out to have a larger impact than architectural choices on the final performance. We systematically explore several options for these choices, and provide recommendations to researchers working in this area.
National Institute of Informatics（国立信息学研究所）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）
Machine reading comprehension (MRC) has received considerable attention as a benchmark for natural language understanding. However, the conventional task design of MRC lacks explainability beyond the model interpretation, i.e., reading comprehension by a model cannot be explained in human terms. To this end, this position paper provides a theoretical basis for the design of MRC datasets based on psychology as well as psychometrics, and summarizes it in terms of the prerequisites for benchmarking MRC. We conclude that future datasets should (i) evaluate the capability of the model for construct…
University of California, Irvine（加州大学尔湾分校）；Peking University（北京大学）；Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence（艾伦人工智能研究所）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
Reading comprehension has recently seen rapid progress, with systems matching humans on the most popular datasets for the task. However, a large body of work has highlighted the brittleness of these systems, showing that there is much work left to be done. We introduce a new English reading comprehension benchmark, DROP, which requires Discrete Reasoning Over the content of Paragraphs. In this crowdsourced, adversarially-created, 96k-question benchmark, a system must resolve references in a question, perhaps to multiple input positions, and perform discrete operations over them (such as additi…
Allen Institute for AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）；Hooray Data Co., Ltd（好耶数据有限公司）；University of Southern California（南加利福尼亚大学）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）
A critical part of reading is being able to understand the temporal relationships between events described in a passage of text, even when those relationships are not explicitly stated. However, current machine reading comprehension benchmarks have practically no questions that test temporal phenomena, so systems trained on these benchmarks have no capacity to answer questions such as "what happened before/after [some event]?" We introduce TORQUE, a new English reading comprehension benchmark built on 3.2k news snippets with 21k human-generated questions querying temporal relationships. Result…
While sophisticated neural-based techniques have been developed in reading comprehension, most approaches model the answer in an independent manner, ignoring its relations with other answer candidates. This problem can be even worse in open-domain scenarios, where candidates from multiple passages should be combined to answer a single question. In this paper, we formulate reading comprehension as an extract-then-select two-stage procedure. We first extract answer candidates from passages, then select the final answer by combining information from all the candidates. Furthermore, we regard cand…
University of Information Technology（信息技术大学）；Vietnam National University（越南国立大学）
The development of natural language processing (NLP) in general and machine reading comprehension in particular has attracted the great attention of the research community. In recent years, there are a few datasets for machine reading comprehension tasks in Vietnamese with large sizes, such as UIT-ViQuAD and UIT-ViNewsQA. However, the datasets are not diverse in answers to serve the research. In this paper, we introduce UIT-ViWikiQA, the first dataset for evaluating sentence extraction-based machine reading comprehension in the Vietnamese language. The UIT-ViWikiQA dataset is converted from th…
Multi-hop reading comprehension requires not only the ability to reason over raw text but also the ability to combine multiple evidence. We propose a novel learning approach that helps language models better understand difficult multi-hop questions and perform "complex, compositional" reasoning. Our model first learns to decompose each multi-hop question into several sub-questions by a trainable question decomposer. Instead of answering these sub-questions, we directly concatenate them with the original question and context, and leverage a reading comprehension model to predict the answer in a…
Reading comprehension is a well studied task, with huge training datasets in English. This work focuses on building reading comprehension systems for Czech, without requiring any manually annotated Czech training data. First of all, we automatically translated SQuAD 1.1 and SQuAD 2.0 datasets to Czech to create training and development data, which we release at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-3249. We then trained and evaluated several BERT and XLM-RoBERTa baseline models. However, our main focus lies in cross-lingual transfer models. We report that a XLM-RoBERTa model trained on English data an…
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Allen Institute for AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）；Amazon（亚马逊）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）
Understanding how events are semantically related to each other is the essence of reading comprehension. Recent event-centric reading comprehension datasets focus mostly on event arguments or temporal relations. While these tasks partially evaluate machines' ability of narrative understanding, human-like reading comprehension requires the capability to process event-based information beyond arguments and temporal reasoning. For example, to understand causality between events, we need to infer motivation or purpose; to establish event hierarchy, we need to understand the composition of events. …
Reading and understanding text is one important component in computer aided diagnosis in clinical medicine, also being a major research problem in the field of NLP. In this work, we introduce a question-answering task called MedQA to study answering questions in clinical medicine using knowledge in a large-scale document collection. The aim of MedQA is to answer real-world questions with large-scale reading comprehension. We propose our solution SeaReader--a modular end-to-end reading comprehension model based on LSTM networks and dual-path attention architecture. The novel dual-path attention…
The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Tencent AI Lab（腾讯人工智能实验室）；Alibaba DAMO Academy（阿里巴巴达摩院）
We investigate the task of distractor generation for multiple choice reading comprehension questions from examinations. In contrast to all previous works, we do not aim at preparing words or short phrases distractors, instead, we endeavor to generate longer and semantic-rich distractors which are closer to distractors in real reading comprehension from examinations. Taking a reading comprehension article, a pair of question and its correct option as input, our goal is to generate several distractors which are somehow related to the answer, consistent with the semantic context of the question a…
Commonsense knowledge plays an important role when we read. The performance of BERT on SQuAD dataset shows that the accuracy of BERT can be better than human users. However, it does not mean that computers can surpass the human being in reading comprehension. CommonsenseQA is a large-scale dataset which is designed based on commonsense knowledge. BERT only achieved an accuracy of 55.9% on it. The result shows that computers cannot apply commonsense knowledge like human beings to answer questions. Comprehension Ability Test (CAT) divided the reading comprehension ability at four levels. We can …
Multi-choice reading comprehension is a challenging task that requires complex reasoning procedure. Given passage and question, a correct answer need to be selected from a set of candidate answers. In this paper, we propose \textbf{D}ual \textbf{C}o-\textbf{M}atching \textbf{N}etwork (\textbf{DCMN}) which model the relationship among passage, question and answer bidirectionally. Different from existing approaches which only calculate question-aware or option-aware passage representation, we calculate passage-aware question representation and passage-aware answer representation at the same time…
We present a dual contribution to the task of machine reading-comprehension: a technique for creating large-sized machine-comprehension (MC) datasets using paragraph-vector models; and a novel, hybrid neural-network architecture that combines the representation power of recurrent neural networks with the discriminative power of fully-connected multi-layered networks. We use the MC-dataset generation technique to build a dataset of around 2 million examples, for which we empirically determine the high-ceiling of human performance (around 91% accuracy), as well as the performance of a variety of…
Multi-hop reading comprehension across multiple documents attracts much attention recently. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to tackle this multi-hop reading comprehension problem. Inspired by human reasoning processing, we construct a path-based reasoning graph from supporting documents. This graph can combine both the idea of the graph-based and path-based approaches, so it is better for multi-hop reasoning. Meanwhile, we propose Gated-RGCN to accumulate evidence on the path-based reasoning graph, which contains a new question-aware gating mechanism to regulate the usefulness of in…
Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；IBM Research AI, T.J. Watson Research Center（IBM研究人工智能，T.J.沃森研究中心）；Department of Computer Science, Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学计算机科学系）
Automatically generated synthetic training examples have been shown to improve performance in machine reading comprehension (MRC). Compared to human annotated gold standard data, synthetic training data has unique properties, such as high availability at the possible expense of quality. In view of such differences, in this paper, we explore novel applications of synthetic examples to MRC. Our proposed pre-training and knowledge distillation strategies show significant improvements over existing methods. In a particularly surprising discovery, we observe that synthetic distillation often yields…
Institute for Computational Linguistics, Heidelberg University（海德堡大学计算语言学研究所）；Research Training Group AIPHES（AIPHES研究训练小组）；Amazon, AWS Deep Learning（亚马逊AWS深度学习）
Reading comprehension is a challenging task in natural language processing and requires a set of skills to be solved. While current approaches focus on solving the task as a whole, in this paper, we propose to use a neural network `skill' transfer approach. We transfer knowledge from several lower-level language tasks (skills) including textual entailment, named entity recognition, paraphrase detection and question type classification into the reading comprehension model. We conduct an empirical evaluation and show that transferring language skill knowledge leads to significant improvements fo…
One of the main challenges of the machine reading comprehension (MRC) models is their fragile out-of-domain generalization, which makes these models not properly applicable to real-world general-purpose question answering problems. In this paper, we leverage a zero-shot weighted ensemble method for improving the robustness of out-of-domain generalization in MRC models. In the proposed method, a weight estimation module is used to estimate out-of-domain weights, and an ensemble module aggregate several base models' predictions based on their weights. The experiments indicate that the proposed m…
University of Information Technology（信息技术大学）；Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City（胡志明市越南国家大学）
Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a sub-field in natural language processing that aims to assist computers understand unstructured texts and then answer questions related to them. In practice, the conversation is an essential way to communicate and transfer information. To help machines understand conversation texts, we present UIT-ViCoQA, a new corpus for conversational machine reading comprehension in the Vietnamese language. This corpus consists of 10,000 questions with answers over 2,000 conversations about health news articles. Then, we evaluate several baseline approaches for conver…
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Allen Institute for AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）
Procedural texts often describe processes (e.g., photosynthesis and cooking) that happen over entities (e.g., light, food). In this paper, we introduce an algorithm for procedural reading comprehension by translating the text into a general formalism that represents processes as a sequence of transitions over entity attributes (e.g., location, temperature). Leveraging pre-trained language models, our model obtains entity-aware and attribute-aware representations of the text by joint prediction of entity attributes and their transitions. Our model dynamically obtains contextual encodings of the…
Multi-choice reading comprehension is a challenging task to select an answer from a set of candidate options when given passage and question. Previous approaches usually only calculate question-aware passage representation and ignore passage-aware question representation when modeling the relationship between passage and question, which obviously cannot take the best of information between passage and question. In this work, we propose dual co-matching network (DCMN) which models the relationship among passage, question and answer options bidirectionally. Besides, inspired by how human solve m…
