固态物理与生物学中的涌现
Emergence in Solid State Physics and Biology
摘要：
在物理学和生物学中，弱涌现和强涌现一直存在着很大的争议。正如菲尔·安德森在许多论文中指出的那样，对称性破缺的存在是许多固态物理中出现性质的关键。通过仔细区分不同类型的对称性破缺和跟踪破缺的对称性之间的关系，在微观和宏观尺度，我证明了半导体的属性的出现是一个强涌现的情况下。这是由于存在准粒子，如声子。此外，时间相关电位使向下的因果关系，如在数字计算机的情况下。此外，我表明，生命系统的进化出现的过程也是一个强涌现的情况下，是生命的基本物理属性的出现。一个有用的结果出现了：标准物理学理论和由此产生的涌现理论都是同样有效的有效理论
英文摘要：
There has been much controversy over weak and strong emergence in physics and biology. As pointed out by Phil Anderson in many papers, the existence of broken symmetries is the key to emergence of properties in much of solid state physics. By carefully distinguishing between dfferent types of symmetry breaking and tracing the relation between broken symmetries at micro and macro scales, I demonstrate that the emergence of the properties of semiconductors is a case of strong emergence. This is due to the existence of quasiparticles such as phonons. Furthermore time dependent potentials enable downward causation as in the case of digital computers. Additionally I show that the processes of evolutionary emergence of living systems is also a case of strong emergence, as is the emergence of properties of life out of the underlying physics. A useful result emerges: standard physics theories and the emergent theories arising out of them are all effective theories that are equally valid
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