Cyber threats are increasing not only in their volume but also in their sophistication and difficulty to detect. Attacks have become a national/global threat as they have targeted private and public, as well as government sectors over the years. This is a growing issue and organisations are taking steps to reduce, detect and prevent threats. To do this they need to use systems that are equipped with the capabilities to do either of those steps and develop them for the type of networks they use, for instance wired or wireless. One of these systems are Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), which can be used as the first defence mechanism or a secondary defence mechanism of a threat or an attack. There are different types of attacks that can occur in a network, such as Denial of service (DoS)/Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), port scanning, malware or ransomware and so forth that IDSs have a capability of detecting. Assisting in the mitigation of such attacks, there are also Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) whose role has a different purpose than that of IDSs. Unlike IDSs they not only detect threats but prevent them from disrupting the network, IPSs can be used in conjunction with IDSs to double the defences. This paper provides an overview of IDS and their classifications and IPS. It will detail typical benefits and limitations to using IDSs, IPSs and the hybrids (such as Intrusions Detection Prevention Systems (IDPSs and more)) which will be discussed further. It will also outline developments in the making using ML and how it is used to improve these systems and the dilemmas they produce and possible ways to counter act them.
Computer systems are facing biggest threat in the form of malicious data which causing denial of service, information theft, financial and credibility loss etc. No defense technique has been proved successful in handling these threats. Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPSs) being best of available solutions. These techniques are getting more and more attention. Although Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPSs) show a good level of success in detecting and preventing intrusion attempts to networks, they show a visible deficiency in their performance when they are employed on fast network…
The rapid development and expansion of World Wide Web and network systems have changed the computing world in the last decade and also equipped the intruders and hackers with new facilities for their destructive purposes. The cost of temporary or permanent damages caused by unauthorized access of the intruders to computer systems has urged different organizations to increasingly implement various systems to monitor data flow in their network. The systems are generally known as Intrusion Detection System (IDS).Our objective is to implement an artificial network approach to the design of intrusi…
This volume contains the proceedings of the 2014 International Advanced Intrusion Detection and Prevention (AIDP'14) Workshop, held in Marrakesh, Morocco, on the 5th of June 2014, in conjunction with the 29th IFIP TC-11 SEC 2014 International Conference. It includes a revised version of the papers selected for presentation at the work- shop.
There have been numerous works on network intrusion detection and prevention systems, but work on application layer intrusion detection and prevention is rare and not very mature. Intrusion detection and prevention at both network and application layers are important for cyber-security and enterprise system security. Since application layer intrusion is increasing day by day, it is imperative to give adequate attention to it and use state-of-the-art algorithms for effective detection and prevention. This paper talks about current state of application layer intrusion detection and prevention ca…
In recent years, wireless ad hoc sensor network becomes popular both in civil and military jobs. However, security is one of the significant challenges for sensor network because of their deployment in open and unprotected environment. As cryptographic mechanism is not enough to protect sensor network from external attacks, intrusion detection system needs to be introduced. Though intrusion prevention mechanism is one of the major and efficient methods against attacks, but there might be some attacks for which prevention method is not known. Besides preventing the system from some known attack…
The number of cyber-attacks have substantially increased over the past decade resulting in huge organizational financial losses. Indeed, it is no longer a matter of "if" but "when" a security incident will take place. A Security Operations Center(SOC) adoption will help in the detection, identification, prevention, and resolution of issues before they end up causing extensive cyber-related damage. In this paper, our proposed framework is brought about to address the problem that current open-source SOC implementations are plagued with. These include lack of ability to be strengthened on the fl…
Open University of Cyprus（塞浦路斯开放大学）；University of Plymouth（普利茅斯大学）；University of Peloponnese（伯罗奔尼撒大学）
Attack vectors are continuously evolving in order to evade Intrusion Detection systems. Internet of Things (IoT) environments, while beneficial for the IT ecosystem, suffer from inherent hardware limitations, which restrict their ability to implement comprehensive security measures and increase their exposure to vulnerability attacks. This paper proposes a novel Network Intrusion Prevention System that utilises a SelfOrganizing Incremental Neural Network along with a Support Vector Machine. Due to its structure, the proposed system provides a security solution that does not rely on signatures …
Networks are vulnerable to disruptions caused by malicious forwarding devices. The situation is likely to worsen in Software Defined Networks (SDNs) with the incompatibility of existing solutions, use of programmable soft switches and the potential of bringing down an entire network through compromised forwarding devices. In this paper, we present WedgeTail, an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) designed to secure the SDN data plane. WedgeTail regards forwarding devices as points within a geometric space and stores the path packets take when traversing the network as trajectories. To be efficie…
Intrusion Detection & Prevention Systems generally aims at detecting / preventing attacks against Information systems and networks. The basic task of IDPS is to monitor network & system traffic for any malicious packets/patterns and hence to prevent any unwarranted incidents which leads the systems to insecure state. The monitoring is done by checking each packet for its validity against the signatures formulated for identified vulnerabilities. Since, signatures are the heart & soul of an Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS), we, in this paper, discuss two methodologies we adapted …
Network Intrusion Detection (NID) is the process of identifying network activity that can lead to the compromise of a security policy. In this paper, we will look at four intrusion detection approaches, which include ANN or Artificial Neural Network, SOM, Fuzzy Logic and SVM. ANN is one of the oldest systems that have been used for Intrusion Detection System (IDS), which presents supervised learning methods. However, in this research, we also came across SOM or Self Organizing Map, which is an ANN-based system, but applies unsupervised methods. Another approach is Fuzzy Logic (IDS-based), whic…
As a solution to protect and defend a system against inside attacks, many intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have been developed to identify and react to them for protecting a system. However, the core idea of an IDS is a reactive mechanism in nature even though it detects intrusions which have already been in the system. Hence, the reactive mechanisms would be way behind and not effective for the actions taken by agile and smart attackers. Due to the inherent limitation of an IDS with the reactive nature, intrusion prevention systems (IPSs) have been developed to thwart potential attackers an…
Intrusion Detection and/or Prevention Systems (IDPS) represent an important line of defence against a variety of attacks that can compromise the security and proper functioning of an enterprise information system. Along with the widespread evolution of new emerging services, the quantity and impact of attacks have continuously increased, attackers continuously find vulnerabilities at various levels, from the network itself to operating system and applications, exploit them to crack system and services. Network defence and network monitoring has become an essential component of computer securit…
Grids allow users flexible on-demand usage of computing resources through remote communication networks. A remarkable example of a Grid in High Energy Physics (HEP) research is used in the ALICE experiment at European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN. Physicists can submit jobs used to process the huge amount of particle collision data produced by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Grids face complex security challenges. They are interesting targets for attackers seeking for huge computational resources. Since users can execute arbitrary code in the worker nodes on the Grid sites, special …
With the increase in the number of security threats, Intrusion Detection Systems have evolved as a significant countermeasure against these threats. And as such, the topic of Intrusion Detection Systems has become one of the most prominent research topics in recent years. This paper gives an overview of the Intrusion Detection System and looks at two major machine learning paradigms used in Intrusion Detection System, Genetic Algorithms and Fuzzy Logic and how to apply them for intrusion detection.
With the increasing importance of the internet in our day to day life, data security in web application has become very crucial. Ever increasing on line and real time transaction services have led to manifold rise in the problems associated with the database security. Attacker uses illegal and unauthorized approaches to hijack the confidential information like username, password and other vital details. Hence the real time transaction requires security against web based attacks. SQL injection and cross site scripting attack are the most common application layer attack. The SQL injection attack…
Labeled data sets are necessary to train and evaluate anomaly-based network intrusion detection systems. This work provides a focused literature survey of data sets for network-based intrusion detection and describes the underlying packet- and flow-based network data in detail. The paper identifies 15 different properties to assess the suitability of individual data sets for specific evaluation scenarios. These properties cover a wide range of criteria and are grouped into five categories such as data volume or recording environment for offering a structured search. Based on these properties, …
Resource constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices are highly likely to be compromised by attackers because strong security protections may not be suitable to be deployed. This requires an alternative approach to protect vulnerable components in IoT networks. In this paper, we propose an integrated defense technique to achieve intrusion prevention by leveraging cyberdeception (i.e., a decoy system) and moving target defense (i.e., network topology shuffling). We verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed technique analytically based on a graphical security model in a software d…
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are currently used in different industrial and consumer applications, such as earth monitoring, health related applications, natural disaster prevention, and many other areas. Security is one of the major aspects of Wireless sensor networks due to the resource limitations of sensor nodes. However, these networks are facing several threats that affect their functioning and their life. In this paper we present security attacks in wireless sensor networks, and we focus on a review and analysis of the recent Intrusion Detection schemes in WSNs.
We analyze sets of intrusion detection records observed on the networks of several large, nonresidential organizations protected by a form of intrusion detection and prevention service. Our analyses reveal that the process of intrusion detection in these networks exhibits a significant degree of burstiness as well as strong memory, with burstiness and memory properties that are comparable to those of natural processes driven by threshold effects, but different from bursty human activities. We explore time-series models of these observable network security incidents based on partially observed …
Security has become ubiquitous in every domain today as newly emerging malware pose an ever-increasing perilous threat to systems. Consequently, honeypots are fast emerging as an indispensible forensic tool for the analysis of malicious network traffic. Honeypots can be considered to be traps for hackers and intruders and are generally deployed complimentary to Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) in a network. They help system administrators perform a rigorous analysis of external and internal attacks on their networks. They are also used by security firms …
Today, many organizations are moving their computing services towards the Cloud. This makes their computer processing available much more conveniently to users. However, it also brings new security threats and challenges about safety and reliability. In fact, Cloud Computing is an attractive and cost-saving service for buyers as it provides accessibility and reliability options for users and scalable sales for providers. In spite of being attractive, Cloud feature poses various new security threats and challenges when it comes to deploying Intrusion Detection System (IDS) in Cloud environments…
MIL-STD-1553, a standard that defines a communication bus for interconnected devices, is widely used in military and aerospace avionic platforms. Due to its lack of security mechanisms, MIL-STD-1553 is exposed to cyber threats. The methods previously proposed to address these threats are very limited, resulting in the need for more advanced techniques. Inspired by the defense in depth principle, we propose AnoMili, a novel protection system for the MIL-STD-1553 bus, which consists of: (i) a physical intrusion detection mechanism that detects unauthorized devices connected to the 1553 bus, even…
Today by growing network systems, security is a key feature of each network infrastructure. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) provide defense model for all security threats which are harmful to any network. The IDS could detect and block attack-related network traffic. The network control is a complex model. Implementation of an IDS could make delay in the network. Several software-based network intrusion detection systems are developed. However, the model has a problem with high speed traffic. This paper reviews of many type of software architecture in intrusion detection systems and …
Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is one of the security measures being used as an additional defence mechanism to prevent the security breaches on web. It has been well known methodology for detecting network-based attacks but still immature in the domain of securing web application. The objective of the paper is to thoroughly understand the design methodology of the detection system in respect to web applications. In this paper, we discuss several specific aspects of a web application in detail that makes challenging for a developer to build an efficient web IDS. The paper also provides a com…
Prevention of cyber attacks on the critical network resources has become an important issue as the traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are no longer effective due to the high volume of network traffic and the deceptive patterns of network usage employed by the attackers. Lack of sufficient amount of labeled observations for the training of IDSs makes the semi-supervised IDSs a preferred choice. We propose a semi-supervised IDS by extending a data analysis technique known as Logical Analysis of Data, or LAD in short, which was proposed as a supervised learning approach. LAD uses part…
Intrusion detection systems (IDS) help detect unauthorized activities or intrusions that may compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of a resource. This paper presents a general overview of IDSs, the way they are classified, and the different algorithms used to detect anomalous activities. It attempts to compare the various methods of intrusion techniques. It also describes the various approaches and the importance of IDSs in information security.
Advancements in computer networks and communication technologies like software defined networks (SDN), Internet of things (IoT), microservices architecture, cloud computing and network function virtualization (NFV) have opened new fronts and challenges for security experts to combat against modern cyberattacks. Relying on perimeter defense and signature-based network security solutions like Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) have failed to deliver adequate level of security against new attack vectors such as advance persistent threats, zero days, ransomware, botnets and other…
SQL Injection is one of the vulnerabilities in OWASPs Top Ten List for Web Based Application Exploitation.These types of attacks takes place on Dynamic Web applications as they interact with the databases for the various operations.Current Content Management System like Drupal, Joomla or Wordpress have all the information stored in their databases. A single intrusion into these types of websites can lead to overall control of websites by the attacker. Researchers are aware of the basic SQL Injection attacks but there are numerous SQL Injection attacks which are yet to be Prevented and Detected…
Hybrid CNN-LSTM Framework for Intelligent Cyber Attack Detection and Prevention in U.S. Critical Digital Infrastructure: A Comparative Machine Learning Evaluation on CSE-CIC-IDS2018
Department of Computer Science, Maharishi International University（马哈拉吉国际大学计算机科学系）；Department of Information Studies, Trine University（特林大学信息学系）；Department of Business Information Systems, Central Michigan University（中央密歇根大学商业信息系统系）
Recently, there has been an interest in improving the resources available in Intrusion Detection System (IDS) techniques. In this sense, several studies related to cybersecurity show that the environment invasions and information kidnapping are increasingly recurrent and complex. The criticality of the business involving operations in an environment using computing resources does not allow the vulnerability of the information. Cybersecurity has taken on a dimension within the universe of indispensable technology in corporations, and the prevention of risks of invasions into the environment is …
Smartphone technology is more and more becoming the predominant communication tool for people across the world. People use their smartphones to keep their contact data, to browse the internet, to exchange messages, to keep notes, carry their personal files and documents, etc. Users while browsing are also capable of shopping online, thus provoking a need to type their credit card numbers and security codes. As the smartphones are becoming widespread so do the security threats and vulnerabilities facing this technology. Recent news and articles indicate huge increase in malware and viruses for …
The growing interest in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications is associated with an augmented volume of security threats. In this vein, the Intrusion detection systems (IDS) have emerged as a viable solution for the detection and prevention of malicious activities. Unlike the signature-based detection approaches, machine learning-based solutions are a promising means for detecting unknown attacks. However, the machine learning models need to be accurate enough to reduce the number of false alarms. More importantly, they need to be trained and evaluated on realistic datasets such that their…
Explainable AI-based Intrusion Detection System for Industry 5.0: An Overview of the Literature, associated Challenges, the existing Solutions, and Potential Research Directions
Hamad bin Khalifa University（哈马德·本·哈利法大学）；Qatar Computing Research Institute（卡塔尔计算研究所）；Munster Technological University（芒斯特理工大学）；Toronto Metropolitan University（多伦多都会大学）
With the purpose of defending against lateral movement in today's borderless networks, Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) adoption is gaining momentum. With a full scale ZTA implementation, it is unlikely that adversaries will be able to spread through the network starting from a compromised endpoint. However, the already authenticated and authorised session of a compromised endpoint can be leveraged to perform limited, though malicious, activities ultimately rendering the endpoints the Achilles heel of ZTA. To effectively detect such attacks, distributed collaborative intrusion detection systems w…
Traffic inspection is a fundamental building block of many security solutions today. For example, to prevent the leakage or exfiltration of confidential insider information, as well as to block malicious traffic from entering the network, most enterprises today operate intrusion detection and prevention systems that inspect traffic. However, the state-of-the-art inspection systems do not reflect well the interests of the different involved autonomous roles. For example, employees in an enterprise, or a company outsourcing its network management to a specialized third party, may require that th…
Evolving cybersecurity threats are a persistent challenge for systemadministrators and security experts as new malwares are continu-ally released. Attackers may look for vulnerabilities in commercialproducts or execute sophisticated reconnaissance campaigns tounderstand a targets network and gather information on securityproducts like firewalls and intrusion detection / prevention systems(network or host-based). Many new attacks tend to be modificationsof existing ones. In such a scenario, rule-based systems fail to detectthe attack, even though there are minor differences in conditions /attri…
Besides the advantages derived from the ever present communication properties, it increases the attack surface of a network as well. As industrial protocols and systems were not designed with security in mind, spectacular attacks on industrial systems occurred over the last years. Most industrial communication protocols do not provide means to ensure authentication or encryption. This means attackers with access to a network can read and write information. Originally not meant to be connected to public networks, the use cases of Industry 4.0 require interconnectivity, often through insecure pu…
The number of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) is increasing rapidly in various smart transportation services and applications, considering many benefits to society, people, and the environment. Several research surveys for CAVs were conducted by primarily focusing on various security threats and vulnerabilities in the domain of CAVs to classify different types of attacks, impacts of attacks, attack features, cyber-risk, defense methodologies against attacks, and safety standards. However, the importance of attack detection and prevention approaches for CAVs has not been discussed exte…
Attacks on information systems followed by intrusions may cause large revenue losses. The prevention of both is not always possible by just considering information from isolated sources of the network. A global view of the whole system is necessary to recognize and react to the different actions of such an attack. The design and deployment of a decentralized system targeted at detecting as well as reacting to information system attacks might benefit from the loose coupling realized by publish/subscribe middleware. In this paper, we present the advantages and convenience in using this communica…
In the scenarios of specific conditions and crises such as the coronavirus pandemic, the availability of e-learning ecosystem elements is further highlighted. The growing importance for securing such an ecosystem can be seen from DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks on e-learning components of the Croatian e-learning system. The negative impact of the conducted attack is visible in numerous users who were prevented from participating in and implementing the planned teaching process. Network anomalies such as conducted DDoS attacks were identified as one of the crucial threats to the e-…
From Network Intrusion Detection to Blockchain-Backed Endpoint Detection and Response: Mapping the Landscape of Decentralized Detection-and-Response Architectures
École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS)（高等技术学院（ÉTS））；University of Calgary（卡尔加里大学）
