Tat Thang Nguyen, Takahiro Saito, Kiyoshi Takeuchi
The bifurcation sets of polynomial functions have been studied by many mathematicians from various points of view. In particular, Némethi and Zaharia described them in terms of Newton polytopes. In this paper, we will show analogous results for rational functions.
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We present our implementation of an algorithm which functions as a numerical oracle for the Newton polytope of a hypersurface in the Macaulay2 package NumericalNP.m2. We propose a tropical membership test, relying on this algorithm, for higher codimension varieties based on ideas from Hept and Theobald. To showcase this software, we investigate the Newton polytope of both a hypersurface coming from algebraic vision and the Luroth invariant.
We study normal directions to facets of the Newton polytope of the discriminant of the Laurent polynomial system via the tropical approach. We use the combinatorial construction proposed by Dickenstein, Feichtner and Sturmfels for the tropicalization of algebraic varieties admitting a parametrization by a linear map followed by a monomial map.
A Newton-Okounkov polytope of a complete flag variety can be turned into a convex geometric model for Schubert calculus. Namely, we can represent Schubert cycles by linear combinations of faces of the polytope so that the intersection product of cycles corresponds to the set-theoretic intersection of faces (whenever the latter are transverse). We explain the general framework and survey particular realizations of this approach in types A, B and C.
For classical groups SL(n), SO(n) and Sp(2n), we define uniformly geometric valuations on the corresponding complete flag varieties. The valuation in every type comes from a natural coordinate system on the open Schubert cell and is combinatorially related to the Gelfand-Zetlin pattern in the same type. In types A and C, we identify the corresponding Newton-Okounkov polytopes with the Feigin-Fourier-Littelmann-Vinberg polytopes. In types B and D, we compute low-dimensional examples and formulate open questions.
A subgroup H of a reductive group G is horospherical if it contains a maximal unipotent subgroup. We describe the Grothendieck semigroup of invariant subspaces of regular functions on G/H as a semigroup of convex polytopes. From this we obtain a formula for the number of solutions of a generic system of equations on G/H in terms of mixed volume of polytopes. This generalizes Bernstein-Kushnirenko theorem from toric geometry.
Euclidean distance degree of complete intersections via Newton polytopes
本文研究完全交的欧几里得距离度，证明当各定义多项式的牛顿多面体包含原点且多项式为一般时，该距离度可由牛顿多面体的混合体积计算，推广了 Breiding、Sottile 和 Woodcock 在 m=1 时的结果。
We compute the Newton--Okounkov bodies of line bundles on a Bott--Samelson resolution of the complete flag variety of $GL_n$ for a geometric valuation coming from a flag of translated Schubert subvarieties. The Bott--Samelson resolution corresponds to the decomposition $(s_1)(s_2s_1)(s_3s_2s_1)(\ldots)(s_{n-1}\ldots s_1)$ of the longest element in the Weyl group, and the Schubert subvarieties correspond to the terminal subwords in this decomposition. We prove that the resulting Newton--Okounkov polytopes for semiample line bundles satisfy the additivity property with respect to the Minkowski s…
We characterise Newton polytopes of nondegenerate quadratic forms and Newton polyhedra of Morse singularities.
We develop a collection of numerical algorithms which connect ideas from polyhedral geometry and algebraic geometry. The first algorithm we develop functions as a numerical oracle for the Newton polytope of a hypersurface and is based on ideas of Hauenstein and Sottile. Additionally, we construct a numerical tropical membership algorithm which uses the former algorithm as a subroutine. Based on recent results of Esterov, we give an algorithm which recursively solves a sparse polynomial system when the support of that system is either lacunary or triangular. Prior to explaining these results, w…
In this article we analyze the global diffeomorphism property of polynomial maps $F:\mathbb{R}^n\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^n$ by studying the properties of the Newton polytopes at infinity corresponding to the sum of squares polynomials $\|F\|_2^2$. This allows us to identify a class of polynomial maps $F$ for which their global diffeomorphism property on $\mathbb{R}^n$ is equivalent to their Jacobian determinant $\text{det }JF$ vanishing nowhere on $\mathbb{R}^n$. In other words, we identify a class of polynomial maps for which the Real Jacobian Conjecture, which was proven to be false in general,…
We study elimination theory in the context of Newton polytopes and develop its convex-geometric counterpart.
A Newton-Okounkov convex body is a convex body constructed from a projective variety with a valuation on its homogeneous coordinate ring; this generalizes a Newton polytope for a toric variety. This convex body has various kinds of information about the original projective variety; for instance, Kaveh showed that the string polytopes from representation theory are examples of Newton-Okounkov bodies for Schubert varieties. In this paper, we extend the notion of string polytopes for Demazure modules to generalized Demazure modules, and prove that the resulting generalized string polytopes are id…
The theory of Newton-Okounkov polytopes is a generalization of that of Newton polytopes for toric varieties, and it gives a systematic method of constructing toric degenerations of a projective variety. In the case of Schubert varieties, their Newton-Okounkov polytopes are deeply connected with representation theory. Indeed, Littelmann's string polytopes and Nakashima-Zelevinsky's polyhedral realizations are obtained as Newton-Okounkov polytopes of Schubert varieties. In this paper, we apply the folding procedure to a Newton-Okounkov polytope of a Schubert variety, which relates Newton-Okounko…
In this survey I summarize the constructions of toric degenerations obtained from valuations and Gröbner theory and describe in which sense they are equivalent. I show how adapted bases can be used to generalize the classical Newton polytope to what is called a $\mathbb B$-Newton polytope. The $\mathbb B$-Newton polytope determines the Newton--Okounkov polytopes of all Khovanskii-finite valuations sharing the adapted standard monomial basis $\mathbb B$.
The Newton polytope related to a ``minimal" counterexample to the Jacobian conjecture is introduced and described. This description allows to obtain a sharper estimate for the geometric degree of the polynomial mapping given by a Jacobian pair and to give a new proof of the Abhyankar's two characteristic pair case.
In this paper we compute the Newton polytope $\mathcal M_A$ of the Morse discriminant in the space of univariate polynomials with the given support set $A.$ Namely, we establish a surjection between the set of all combinatorial types of Morse univariate tropical polynomials and the vertices of $\mathcal M_A.$
Marked chain-order polytopes are convex polytopes constructed from a marked poset, which give a discrete family relating a marked order polytope with a marked chain polytope. In this paper, we consider the Gelfand-Tsetlin poset of type A, and realize the associated marked chain-order polytopes as Newton-Okounkov bodies of the flag variety. Our realization connects previous realizations of Gelfand-Tsetlin polytopes and Feigin-Fourier-Littelmann-Vinberg polytopes as Newton-Okounkov bodies in a uniform way. As an application, we prove that the flag variety degenerates into the irreducible normal …
Real tropicalization and negative faces of the Newton polytope
本研究探究正卦限内实半代数集的实热带化与定义多项式牛顿多面体组合性质的关联，构造仅依赖多面体面结构与多项式符号的内逼近锥，证明其在通用系数单多项式情形与实热带化重合，且极大稀疏多项式的实热带化由外法锥与系数符号决定，结论可推广至符号多项式。
Newton polytope of good symmetric polynomials
本文提出一类一般的对称多项式，证明其牛顿多胞体具有饱和性和整数分解性质，并统一涵盖多种已有对称多项式。
We apply tropical geometry to study the image of a map defined by Laurent polynomials with generic coefficients. If this image is a hypersurface then our approach gives a construction of its Newton polytope.
We compute the Newton--Okounkov bodies of line bundles on the complete flag variety of GL_n for a geometric valuation coming from a flag of translated Schubert subvarieties. The Schubert subvarieties correspond to the terminal subwords in the decomposition (s_1)(s_2s_1)(s_3s_2s_1)(...)(s_{n-1}...s_1) of the longest element in the Weyl group. The resulting Newton--Okounkov bodies coincide with the Feigin--Fourier--Littelmann--Vinberg polytopes in type A.
Newton numbers, vanishing polytopes and algebraic degrees
本文分类了具有消失Newton数的便利Newton多面体为$B_k$-多面体，部分解决了Arnold单调性问题，并推广Newton数至$\ell$-与$e$-Newton数，后者计算代数次数并刻画对偶缺陷集。
The purpose of this note is to give an exposition of some interesting combinatorics and convex geometry concepts that appear in algebraic geometry in relation to counting the number of solutions of a system of polynomial equations in several variables over complex numbers. The exposition is aimed for a general audience in mathematics and we hope to be accessible to undergraduate as well as advance high school students. The topics discussed belong to relatively new, and closely related branches of algebraic geometry which are usually referred to as tropical geometry and toric geometry. These ar…
Newton-Okounkov polytopes of type $A$ flag varieties of small ranks arising from cluster structures
本文研究旗簇 $Fl(\mathbb{C}^4)$ 由簇结构产生的 Newton-Okounkov 多面体，给出其定义不等式并分类，证明在单模变换下等价。
Let $X$ be the family of hypersurfaces in the odd-dimensional torus ${\mathbb T}^{2n+1}$ defined by a Laurent polynomial $f$ with fixed exponents and variable coefficients. We show that if $nΔ$, the dilation of the Newton polytope $Δ$ of $f$ by the factor $n$, contains no interior lattice points, then the Picard-Fuchs equation of $W_{2n}H^{2n}_{\rm DR}(X)$ has a full set of algebraic solutions (where $W_\bullet$ denotes the weight filtration on de Rham cohomology). We also describe a procedure for finding solutions of these Picard-Fuchs equations.
It is known that the homogeneous coordinate ring of a Grassmannian has a cluster structure, which is induced from the combinatorial structure of a plabic graph. A plabic graph is a certain bipartite graph described on the disk, and there is a family of plabic graphs giving a cluster structure of the same Grassmannian. Such plabic graphs are related by the operation called square move which can be considered as the mutation in cluster theory. By using a plabic graph, we also obtain the Newton--Okounkov polytope which gives a toric degeneration of the Grassmannian. The purposes of this article i…
Tropical geometry and its applications indicate a "theory of syzygies" over polytope semirings. Taking cue from this indication, we study a notion of syzygies over the polytope semiring. We begin our exploration with the concept of Newton basis, an analogue of Gröbner basis that captures the image of an ideal under the Newton polytope map. The image ${\rm New}(I)$ of a graded ideal $I$ under the Newton polytope is a graded sub-semimodule of the polytope semiring. Analogous to the Hilbert series, we define the notion of Newton-Hilbert series that encodes the rank of each graded piece of ${\rm N…
We introduce the notion of a favourable module for a complex unipotent algebraic group, whose properties are governed by the combinatorics of an associated polytope. We describe two filtrations of the module, one given by the total degree on the PBW basis of the corresponding Lie algebra, the other by fixing a homogeneous monomial order on the PBW basis. In the favourable case a basis of the module is parameterized by the lattice points of a normal polytope. The filtrations induce flat degenerations of the corresponding flag variety to its abelianized version and to a toric variety, the specia…
The main result of this note is that the toric degenerations of flag varieties associated to string polytopes and certain Bott-Samelson resolutions of flag varieties fit into a commutative diagram which gives a resolution of singularities of singular toric varieties corresponding to string polytopes. Our main tool is a result of Anderson which shows that the toric degenerations arising from Newton-Okounkov bodies are functorial in an appropriate sense. We also use results of Fujita which show that Newton-Okounkov bodies of Bott-Samelson varieties with respect to a certain valuation $ν_{max}$ c…
Chevalley Polytopes and Newton-Okounkov Bodies
构造了齐性空间射影嵌入中的Chevalley多面体，证明其在minuscule情形下为Newton-Okounkov体且Plücker坐标构成Khovanskii基，并提出一般情形的猜想与分解性质。
In this paper, we determine the bifurcation set of a real polynomial function of two variables for non-degenerate case in the sense of Newton polygons by using a toric compactification. We also count the number of singular phenomena at infinity, called "cleaving" and "vanishing" in the same setting. Finally, we give an upper bound of the number of elements in the bifurcation set in terms of its Newton polygon. To obtain the upper bound, we apply toric modifications to the singularities at infinity successively.
Newton polytopes and witness sets
本文提出两种算法，通过数值计算计算定义C^n中超曲面H的多项式的Newton多面体，分别适用于仅能计算函数值或仅能通过见证集表示超曲面的情形。
For functions defined on C^n or (R_+)^n we construct a dequantization transform, which is closely related to the Maslov dequantization. The subdifferential at the origin of a dequantized polynomial coincides with its Newton polytope. For the semiring of polynomials with nonnegative coefficients, the dequantization transform is a homomorphism of this semiring to the idempotent semiring of convex polytopes with the well-known Minkowski operations. Using the dequantization transform we generalize these results to a wide class of functions and convex sets.
Spectrum of non-degenerate functions with simplicial Newton polytopes
该研究证明了单纯形牛顿非退化函数谱的相关公式与组合多项式对称性，引入Γ-谱推广双变量结论，得到低维加权谱公式，并推导出一类非孤立曲面奇点的谱公式，还发现了谱对Yomdin-Steenbrink公式的反例。
We determine the $166\,104$ extremal monomials of the discriminant of a quaternary cubic form. These are in bijection with $D$-equivalence classes of regular triangulations of the $3$-dilated tetrahedron. We describe how to compute these triangulations and their $D$-equivalence classes in order to arrive at our main result. The computation poses several challenges, such as dealing with the sheer amount of triangulations effectively, as well as devising a suitably fast algorithm for computation of a $D$-equivalence class.
In this article, we propose a geometric programming method in order to compute lower bounds for real polynomials. We provide new sufficient conditions for polynomials to be nonnegative as well as to have a sum of binomial squares representation. These criteria rely on the coefficients and the support of a polynomial and generalize all previous ones by Lasserre, Ghasemi, Marshall, Fidalgo and Kovacec to polynomials with arbitrary simplex Newton polytopes. This generalization yields a geometric programming approach for computing lower bounds for polynomials that significantly extends the geometr…
Let $S\subset \mathbb{C}^n$ be a non-singular algebraic set and $f \colon \mathbb{C}^n \to \mathbb{C}$ be a polynomial function. It is well-known that the restriction $f|_S \colon S \to \mathbb{C}$ of $f$ on $S$ is a locally trivial fibration outside a finite set $B(f|_S) \subset \mathbb{C}.$ In this paper, we give an explicit description of a finite set $T_\infty(f|_S) \subset \mathbb{C}$ such that $B(f|_S) \subset K_0(f|_S) \cup T_\infty(f|_S),$ where $K_0(f|_S)$ denotes the set of critical values of the $f|_S.$ Furthermore, $T_\infty(f|_S)$ is contained in the set of critical values of cert…
Double Schubert polynomials do have saturated Newton polytopes
该研究受多重次数理论启发，通过引入理想标准化概念，证明了double Schubert多项式具有饱和牛顿多面体性质，解决了相关猜想，同时表明Schubert行列式理想等的多重次数多项式支撑集为离散拟阵。
Newton-Okounkov polytopes of Schubert varieties arising from cluster structures
本文基于 cluster 代数理论，利用推广扩展 g-向量的特定赋值构造 Schubert 簇的 Newton-Okounkov 体，并揭示其与 string 及 Nakashima-Zelevinsky 多面体的联系。
The Gelfand-Tsetlin and the Feigin-Fourier-Littelmann-Vinberg polytopes for the Grassmannians are defined, from the perspective of representation theory, to parametrize certain bases for highest weight irreducible modules. These polytopes are Newton-Okounkov bodies for the Grassmannian and, in particular, the GT-polytope is an example of a string polytope. The polytopes admit a combinatorial description as the Stanley's order and chain polytopes of a certain poset, as shown by Ardila, Bliem and Salaza. We prove that these polytopes occur among matching field polytopes. Moreover, we show that t…
Solid Amoebas of Maximally Sparse Polynomials
本文证明了极稀疏多项式阿姆贝斯的猜想，通过分析罗金函数的稳定性，揭示了阿姆贝斯补集的拓扑结构与牛顿多面体顶点数的关系，建立了牛顿细分与热带细分的稳定性准则。
A classical result of Schubert calculus is an inductive description of Schubert cycles using divided difference (or push-pull) operators in Chow rings. We define convex geometric analogs of push-pull operators and describe their applications to the theory of Newton-Okounkov convex bodies. Convex geometric push-pull operators yield an inductive construction of Newton-Okounkov polytopes of Bott-Samelson varieties. In particular, we construct a Minkowski sum of Feigin-Fourier-Littelmann-Vinberg polytopes using convex geometric push-pull operators in type A.
We show that the Newton polytope of a polynomial has a strong impact on the distribution of its mass and zeros. The basic theme is that Newton polytopes determine allowed and forbidden regions for these distributions. We equip the space of (holomorphic) polynomials of degree $\leq p$ in $m$ complex variables with its usual $SU(m + 1)$-invariant Gaussian probability measure and then consider the conditional measure induced on the subspace of polynomials with fixed Newton polytope $P$. We then determine the asymptotics of the conditional expectation $E_{|N P}(Z^k)$ of simultaneous zeros of $k$ p…
We consider the problem of estimating the multiplicity of a polynomial when restricted to the smooth analytic trajectory of a (possibly singular) polynomial vector field at a given point or points, under an assumption known as the D-property. Nesterenko has developed an elimination theoretic approach to this problem which has been widely used in transcendental number theory. We propose an alternative approach to this problem based on more local analytic considerations. In particular we obtain simpler proofs to many of the best known estimates, and give more general formulations in terms of New…
The Newton polytope $P_f$ of a polynomial $f$ is well known to have a strong impact on its zeros, as in the Kouchnirenko-Bernstein theorem on the number of simultaneous zeros of $m$ polynomials with given Newton polytopes. In this article, we show that $P_f$ also has a strong impact on the distribution of zeros of one or several polynomials. We equip the space of (holomorphic) polynomials of degree $\leq N$ in $m$ complex variables with its usual $SU(m+1)$-invariant Gaussian measure and then consider the conditional measures $γ_{|NP}$ induced on the subspace of polynomials whose Newton polytop…
Assume that the valuation semigroup $Γ(λ)$ of an arbitrary partial flag variety corresponding to the line bundle $\mathcal L_λ$ constructed via a full-rank valuation is finitely generated and saturated. We use Ehrhart theory to prove that the associated Newton-Okounkov body, which happens to be a rational, convex polytope, contains exactly one lattice point in its interior if and only if $\mathcal L_λ$ is the anticanonical line bundle. Furthermore we use this unique lattice point to construct the dual polytope of the Newton-Okounkov body and prove that this dual is a lattice polytope using a r…
Let $\K=\C$, or $\R$, and $S_f$ be the set of points in $\K^n$ at which a polynomial map $f:\K^n\rightarrow\K^n$ is non-proper. Jelonek proved that $S_f$ is a semi-algebraic set that is ruled by polynomial curves, with $\dim S_f\leq n-1$, and provided a method to compute $S_f$ for $\K = \C$. However, such methods do not exist for $\K = \R$. In this paper, we establish a straightforward description of $S_f$ for a large family of non-proper maps $f$ using the Newton polytopes of the polynomials appearing in $f$. Thus resulting in a new method for computing $S_f$ that works for $\K=\R$, and highl…
The Fine interior of dilations of a rational polytope
本文通过纯组合方法描述有理多面体所有膨胀的Fine内部，从而计算最小非空Fine内部膨胀，并分类了最小膨胀的Fine内部仅含一个点的空Fine内部格3-多面体。
Lattice 3-polytopes of lattice width 2 and corresponding toric hypersurfaces
本文分类了至多含40个内部格点且格宽为2的格3-多胞体的二维Fine内部，从而构造出大量亏格不超过40的一般型曲面。
We propose a new lifting and recombination scheme for rational bivariate polynomial factorization that takes advantage of the Newton polytope geometry. We obtain a deterministic algorithm that can be seen as a sparse version of an algorithm of Lecerf, with now a polynomial complexity in the volume of the Newton polytope. We adopt a geometrical point of view, the main tool being derived from some algebraic osculation criterions in toric varieties.
Given a convex polytope, we define its geometric spectrum, a stacky version of Batyrev's stringy E-functions, and we prove a stacky version of a formula of Libgober and Wood about the E-polynomial of a smooth projective variety. As an application, we get a closed formula for the variance of the geometric spectrum and a Noether's formula for two dimensional Fano polytopes (polytopes whose vertices are primitive lattice points). We also show that this geometric spectrum is equal to the algebraic spectrum of the polytope (the spectrum at infinity of a tame Laurent polynomial whose Newton polytope…
A Newton-Okounkov body is a convex body constructed from a polarized variety with a valuation on its function field. Kaveh (resp., the first author and Naito) proved that the Newton-Okounkov body of a Schubert variety associated with a specific valuation is identical to the Littelmann string polytope (resp., the Nakashima-Zelevinsky polyhedral realization) of a Demazure crystal. These specific valuations are defined algebraically to be the highest term valuations with respect to certain local coordinate systems on a Bott-Samelson variety. Another class of valuations, which is geometrically nat…
We use tropical geometry to compute the multidegree and Newton polytope of the hypersurface of a statistical model with two hidden and four observed binary random variables, solving an open question stated by Drton, Sturmfels and Sullivant in "Lectures on Algebraic Statistics" (Problem 7.7). The model is obtained from the undirected graphical model of the complete bipartite graph $K_{2,4}$ by marginalizing two of the six binary random variables. We present algorithms for computing the Newton polytope of its defining equation by parallel walks along the polytope and its normal fan. In this way …
Let $g_1, ..., g_k$ be tropical polynomials in $n$ variables with Newton polytopes $P_1, ..., P_k$. We study combinatorial questions on the intersection of the tropical hypersurfaces defined by $g_1, ..., g_k$, such as the $f$-vector, the number of unbounded faces and (in case of a curve) the genus. Our point of departure is Vigeland's work who considered the special case $k=n-1$ and where all Newton polytopes are standard simplices. We generalize these results to arbitrary $k$ and arbitrary Newton polytopes $P_1, ..., P_k$. This provides new formulas for the number of faces and the genus in t…
Tropical Degrees and Stable Intersections
通过牛顿多面体、混合细分和格指数的几何，研究热带超曲面的热带次数上界、稳定热带交以及热带Bézout型估计。
The amoeba of a Laurent polynomial $f \in \C[z_1^{\pm 1},\ldots,z_n^{\pm 1}]$ is the image of its zero set $\mathcal{V}(f)$ under the log-absolute-value map. Understanding the space of amoebas (i.e., the decomposition of the space of all polynomials, say, with given support or Newton polytope, with regard to the existing complement components) is a widely open problem. In this paper we investigate the class of polynomials $f$ whose Newton polytope $\New(f)$ is a simplex and whose support $A$ contains exactly one point in the interior of $\New(f)$. Amoebas of polynomials in this class may have …
Given a complex algebraic hypersurface~$H$, we introduce a polyhedral complex which is a subset of the Newton polytope of the defining polynomial for~$H$ and enjoys the key topological and combinatorial properties of the amoeba of~$H.$ We provide an explicit formula for this polyhedral complex in the case when the spine of the amoeba is dual to a triangulation of the Newton polytope of the defining polynomial. In particular, this yields a description of the polyhedral complex when the hypersurface is optimal.
We initiate a study of the Euclidean Distance Degree in the context of sparse polynomials. Specifically, we consider a hypersurface f=0 defined by a polynomial f that is general given its support, such that the support contains the origin. We show that the Euclidean Distance Degree of f=0 equals the mixed volume of the Newton polytopes of the associated Lagrange multiplier equations. We discuss the implication of our result for computational complexity and give a formula for the Euclidean distance degree when the Newton polytope is a rectangular parallelepiped.
We describe, under certain conditions, the Newton-Okounkov body of a Bott-Samelson variety as a lattice polytope defined by an explicit list of inequalities. The valuation that we use to define the Newton-Okounkov body is different from that used previously in the literature. The polytope that arises is a special case of the Grossberg-Karshon twisted cubes studied by Grossberg and Karshon in connection to character formulae for irreducible $G$-representations and also studied previously by the authors in relation to certain toric varieties associated to Bott-Samelson varieties.
Newton--Okounkov bodies of partial flag varieties via cluster algebras
利用单胞上的簇结构构造部分旗簇中Schubert变体的Newton-Okounkov多面体，证明在无限型簇代数下存在无穷多互不等价的多面体，并应用于构造无穷多不同的单调拉格朗日环面。
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