As offensive language has become a rising issue for online communities and social media platforms, researchers have been investigating ways of coping with abusive content and developing systems to detect its different types: cyberbullying, hate speech, aggression, etc. With a few notable exceptions, most research on this topic so far has dealt with English. This is mostly due to the availability of language resources for English. To address this shortcoming, this paper presents the first Greek annotated dataset for offensive language identification: the Offensive Greek Tweet Dataset (OGTD). OGTD is a manually annotated dataset containing 4,779 posts from Twitter annotated as offensive and not offensive. Along with a detailed description of the dataset, we evaluate several computational models trained and tested on this data.
This paper describes the system submitted to Dravidian-Codemix-HASOC2021: Hate Speech and Offensive Language Identification in Dravidian Languages (Tamil-English and Malayalam-English). This task aims to identify offensive content in code-mixed comments/posts in Dravidian Languages collected from social media. Our approach utilizes pooling the last layers of pretrained transformer multilingual BERT for this task which helped us achieve rank nine on the leaderboard with a weighted average score of 0.61 for the Tamil-English dataset in subtask B. After the task deadline, we sampled the dataset u…
IBM Research（IBM研究）；University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）；Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（卡塔尔计算研究学院，哈马德·本·哈利法大学）
The widespread use of offensive content in social media has led to an abundance of research in detecting language such as hate speech, cyberbullying, and cyber-aggression. Recent work presented the OLID dataset, which follows a taxonomy for offensive language identification that provides meaningful information for understanding the type and the target of offensive messages. However, it is limited in size and it might be biased towards offensive language as it was collected using keywords. In this work, we present SOLID, an expanded dataset, where the tweets were collected in a more principled …
University of Wolverhampton（伍尔弗汉普顿大学）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）；Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（哈马德·本·哈利法大学卡塔尔计算研究所）；IBM Research（IBM研究院）；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；Bhim Rao Ambedkar University（比姆·拉奥·安贝德卡尔大学）
As offensive content has become pervasive in social media, there has been much research in identifying potentially offensive messages. However, previous work on this topic did not consider the problem as a whole, but rather focused on detecting very specific types of offensive content, e.g., hate speech, cyberbulling, or cyber-aggression. In contrast, here we target several different kinds of offensive content. In particular, we model the task hierarchically, identifying the type and the target of offensive messages in social media. For this purpose, we complied the Offensive Language Identifi…
Laboratoire d’analyse statistique des textes - Statistical Analysis of Text Laboratory (LAST - SATLab)（文本统计分析实验室（LAST - SATLab））；Institut de recherche en sciences psychologiques（心理科学研究所）；Université catholique de Louvain（鲁汶天主教大学）
For automatically identifying hate speech and offensive content in tweets, a system based on a classical supervised algorithm only fed with character n-grams, and thus completely language-agnostic, is proposed by the SATLab team. After its optimization in terms of the feature weighting and the classifier parameters, it reached, in the multilingual HASOC 2021 challenge, a medium performance level in English, the language for which it is easy to develop deep learning approaches relying on many external linguistic resources, but a far better level for the two less resourced language, Hindi and Ma…
ITU Copenhagen（哥本哈根信息技术大学）；Microsoft（微软）；UN Development Programme（联合国开发计划署）
The ever growing usage of social media in the recent years has had a direct impact on the increased presence of hate speech and offensive speech in online platforms. Research on effective detection of such content has mainly focused on English and a few other widespread languages, while the leftover majority fail to have the same work put into them and thus cannot benefit from the steady advancements made in the field. In this paper we present \textsc{Shaj}, an annotated Albanian dataset for hate speech and offensive speech that has been constructed from user-generated content on various socia…
University of Hildesheim（希尔德斯海姆大学）；LDRP-ITR；University of Duisburg-Essen（杜伊斯堡-埃森大学）；Indian Institute of Science（印度科学理工学院）；DA-IICT；University of Wolverhampton（伍尔弗汉普顿大学）；Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）；University of Bamberg（班贝格大学）；University of Bedfordshire（贝德福德大学）；University of Leeds（利兹大学）
The widespread of offensive content online such as hate speech poses a growing societal problem. AI tools are necessary for supporting the moderation process at online platforms. For the evaluation of these identification tools, continuous experimentation with data sets in different languages are necessary. The HASOC track (Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification) is dedicated to develop benchmark data for this purpose. This paper presents the HASOC subtrack for English, Hindi, and Marathi. The data set was assembled from Twitter. This subtrack has two sub-tasks. Task A is a binary cl…
Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）；University of Wolverhampton（伍尔弗汉普顿大学）
Transformer-based models such as BERT, XLNET, and XLM-R have achieved state-of-the-art performance across various NLP tasks including the identification of offensive language and hate speech, an important problem in social media. In this paper, we present fBERT, a BERT model retrained on SOLID, the largest English offensive language identification corpus available with over $1.4$ million offensive instances. We evaluate fBERT's performance on identifying offensive content on multiple English datasets and we test several thresholds for selecting instances from SOLID. The fBERT model will be mad…
We describe our top-team solution to Task 1 for Hindi in the HASOC contest organised by FIRE 2019. The task is to identify hate speech and offensive language in Hindi. More specifically, it is a binary classification problem where a system is required to classify tweets into two classes: (a) \emph{Hate and Offensive (HOF)} and (b) \emph{Not Hate or Offensive (NOT)}. In contrast to the popular idea of pretraining word vectors (a.k.a. word embedding) with a large corpus from a general domain such as Wikipedia, we used a relatively small collection of relevant tweets (i.e. random and sarcasm twee…
This paper presents our system entitled `LIIR' for SemEval-2020 Task 12 on Multilingual Offensive Language Identification in Social Media (OffensEval 2). We have participated in sub-task A for English, Danish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish languages. We adapt and fine-tune the BERT and Multilingual Bert models made available by Google AI for English and non-English languages respectively. For the English language, we use a combination of two fine-tuned BERT models. For other languages we propose a cross-lingual augmentation approach in order to enrich training data and we use Multilingual BERT to…
University of Hildesheim（希尔德斯海姆大学）；LDRP-ITR；University of Duisburg-Essen（杜伊斯堡-埃森大学）；University of Bedfordshire（贝德福德大学）；University of Leeds（利兹大学）；University of Bamberg（班贝格大学）；Dalhousie University（达尔豪斯大学）；DA-IICT
With the growth of social media, the spread of hate speech is also increasing rapidly. Social media are widely used in many countries. Also Hate Speech is spreading in these countries. This brings a need for multilingual Hate Speech detection algorithms. Much research in this area is dedicated to English at the moment. The HASOC track intends to provide a platform to develop and optimize Hate Speech detection algorithms for Hindi, German and English. The dataset is collected from a Twitter archive and pre-classified by a machine learning system. HASOC has two sub-task for all three languages: …
A Multi-Task Text Classification Pipeline with Natural Language Explanations: A User-Centric Evaluation in Sentiment Analysis and Offensive Language Identification in Greek Tweets
University of Tyumen（秋明大学）；Thales Canada（泰雷兹加拿大公司）
This paper describes neural models developed for the Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in English and Indo-Aryan Languages Shared Task 2021. Our team called neuro-utmn-thales participated in two tasks on binary and fine-grained classification of English tweets that contain hate, offensive, and profane content (English Subtasks A & B) and one task on identification of problematic content in Marathi (Marathi Subtask A). For English subtasks, we investigate the impact of additional corpora for hate speech detection to fine-tune transformer models. We also apply a one-vs-rest approa…
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur（印度理工学院坎普尔分校）；University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
Hate Speech has become a major content moderation issue for online social media platforms. Given the volume and velocity of online content production, it is impossible to manually moderate hate speech related content on any platform. In this paper we utilize a multi-task and multi-lingual approach based on recently proposed Transformer Neural Networks to solve three sub-tasks for hate speech. These sub-tasks were part of the 2019 shared task on hate speech and offensive content (HASOC) identification in Indo-European languages. We expand on our submission to that competition by utilizing multi…
Aston University（阿斯顿大学）；University of Wolverhampton（伍尔弗汉普顿大学）；Birmingham City University（伯明翰城市大学）；University of Münster（明斯特大学）；George Mason University（乔治梅森大学）
This paper describes the system submitted to Dravidian-Codemix-HASOC2020: Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in Dravidian languages (Tamil-English and Malayalam-English). The task aims to identify offensive language in code-mixed dataset of comments/posts in Dravidian languages collected from social media. We participated in both Sub-task A, which aims to identify offensive content in mixed-script (mixture of Native and Roman script) and Sub-task B, which aims to identify offensive content in Roman script, for Dravidian languages. In order to address these tasks, we proposed pre-…
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University（穆罕默德六世理工大学）；Cadi Ayyad University（卡迪·阿亚德大学）
The prevalence of toxic content on social media platforms, such as hate speech, offensive language, and misogyny, presents serious challenges to our interconnected society. These challenging issues have attracted widespread attention in Natural Language Processing (NLP) community. In this paper, we present the submitted systems to the first Arabic Misogyny Identification shared task. We investigate three multi-task learning models as well as their single-task counterparts. In order to encode the input text, our models rely on the pre-trained MARBERT language model. The overall obtained results…
Offensive language detection is one of the most challenging problem in the natural language processing field, being imposed by the rising presence of this phenomenon in online social media. This paper describes our Transformer-based solutions for identifying offensive language on Twitter in five languages (i.e., English, Arabic, Danish, Greek, and Turkish), which was employed in Subtask A of the Offenseval 2020 shared task. Several neural architectures (i.e., BERT, mBERT, Roberta, XLM-Roberta, and ALBERT), pre-trained using both single-language and multilingual corpora, were fine-tuned and com…
Technische Universität Berlin（柏林工业大学）；German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI)（德国人工智能研究中心（DFKI））
The detection of hate speech online has become an important task, as offensive language such as hurtful, obscene and insulting content can harm marginalized people or groups. This paper presents TU Berlin team experiments and results on the task 1A and 1B of the shared task on hate speech and offensive content identification in Indo-European languages 2021. The success of different Natural Language Processing models is evaluated for the respective subtasks throughout the competition. We tested different models based on recurrent neural networks in word and character levels and transfer learnin…
ICC, CONICET（阿根廷国家科学与技术研究理事会计算机与通信研究所）；Universidad de Buenos Aires（布宜诺斯艾利斯大学）；University of Chile（智利大学）；IMFD, Chile（智利千禧数据基金会）；CONICET（阿根廷国家科学与技术研究理事会）；Universidad Nacional de Córdoba（国立科尔多瓦大学）
This paper describes our participation in SemEval-2020 Task 12: Multilingual Offensive Language Detection. We jointly-trained a single model by fine-tuning Multilingual BERT to tackle the task across all the proposed languages: English, Danish, Turkish, Greek and Arabic. Our single model had competitive results, with a performance close to top-performing systems in spite of sharing the same parameters across all languages. Zero-shot and few-shot experiments were also conducted to analyze the transference performance among these languages. We make our code public for further research
Sogang University（西江大学）；Seoul National University（首尔大学）；Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学语言技术研究所）
This paper describes our approach to the task of identifying offensive languages in a multilingual setting. We investigate two data augmentation strategies: using additional semi-supervised labels with different thresholds and cross-lingual transfer with data selection. Leveraging the semi-supervised dataset resulted in performance improvements compared to the baseline trained solely with the manually-annotated dataset. We propose a new metric, Translation Embedding Distance, to measure the transferability of instances for cross-lingual data selection. We also introduce various preprocessing s…
University of Wolverhampton（伍尔弗汉普顿大学）；Birmingham City University（伯明翰城市大学）
In this paper, we describe the team \textit{BRUMS} entry to OffensEval 2: Multilingual Offensive Language Identification in Social Media in SemEval-2020. The OffensEval organizers provided participants with annotated datasets containing posts from social media in Arabic, Danish, English, Greek and Turkish. We present a multilingual deep learning model to identify offensive language in social media. Overall, the approach achieves acceptable evaluation scores, while maintaining flexibility between languages.
Universidad de Jaén（哈恩大学）；Mugla Sitki Kocman University（穆拉·西特基·科奇曼大学）；University of Stuttgart（斯图加特大学）
The recognition of hate speech and offensive language (HOF) is commonly formulated as a classification task to decide if a text contains HOF. We investigate whether HOF detection can profit by taking into account the relationships between HOF and similar concepts: (a) HOF is related to sentiment analysis because hate speech is typically a negative statement and expresses a negative opinion; (b) it is related to emotion analysis, as expressed hate points to the author experiencing (or pretending to experience) anger while the addressees experience (or are intended to experience) fear. (c) Final…
This paper is a contribution to the Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in Indo-European Languages (HASOC) 2021 shared task. Social media today is a hotbed of toxic and hateful conversations, in various languages. Recent news reports have shown that current models struggle to automatically identify hate posted in minority languages. Therefore, efficiently curbing hate speech is a critical challenge and problem of interest. We present a multilingual architecture using state-of-the-art transformer language models to jointly learn hate and offensive speech detection across three lang…
Institute of Management and Research, Jalgaon, Affil- KBC North Maharashtra University（贾尔冈管理与研究学院，隶属于KBC北马哈拉施特拉大学）；School of Computer Sciences, KBC North Maharashtra University（KBC北马哈拉施特拉大学计算机科学学院）；Copenhagen Business School（哥本哈根商学院）；BMCC college of commerce, Pune（BMCC商学院，浦那）
This paper describes the system submitted by our team, KBCNMUJAL, for Task 2 of the shared task Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in Indo-European Languages (HASOC), at Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, December 16-20, 2020, Hyderabad, India. The datasets of two Dravidian languages Viz. Malayalam and Tamil of size 4000 observations, each were shared by the HASOC organizers. These datasets are used to train the machine using different machine learning algorithms, based on classification and regression models. The datasets consist of tweets or YouTube comments with two c…
In this paper, we describe our approach to utilize pre-trained BERT models with Convolutional Neural Networks for sub-task A of the Multilingual Offensive Language Identification shared task (OffensEval 2020), which is a part of the SemEval 2020. We show that combining CNN with BERT is better than using BERT on its own, and we emphasize the importance of utilizing pre-trained language models for downstream tasks. Our system, ranked 4th with macro averaged F1-Score of 0.897 in Arabic, 4th with score of 0.843 in Greek, and 3rd with score of 0.814 in Turkish. Additionally, we present ArabicBERT, …
This short paper presents the design decisions taken and challenges encountered in completing SemEval Task 6, which poses the problem of identifying and categorizing offensive language in tweets. Our proposed solutions explore Deep Learning techniques, Linear Support Vector classification and Random Forests to identify offensive tweets, to classify offenses as targeted or untargeted and eventually to identify the target subject type.
This paper describes Galileo's performance in SemEval-2020 Task 12 on detecting and categorizing offensive language in social media. For Offensive Language Identification, we proposed a multi-lingual method using Pre-trained Language Models, ERNIE and XLM-R. For offensive language categorization, we proposed a knowledge distillation method trained on soft labels generated by several supervised models. Our team participated in all three sub-tasks. In Sub-task A - Offensive Language Identification, we ranked first in terms of average F1 scores in all languages. We are also the only team which ra…
Language Technologies Institute（语言技术研究所）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Electrical and Computer Engineering（电气与计算机工程学院）
In this paper we present our submission for the EACL 2021-Shared Task on Offensive Language Identification in Dravidian languages. Our final system is an ensemble of mBERT and XLM-RoBERTa models which leverage task-adaptive pre-training of multilingual BERT models with a masked language modeling objective. Our system was ranked 1st for Kannada, 2nd for Malayalam and 3rd for Tamil.
The paper presents the submission of the team indicnlp@kgp to the EACL 2021 shared task "Offensive Language Identification in Dravidian Languages." The task aimed to classify different offensive content types in 3 code-mixed Dravidian language datasets. The work leverages existing state of the art approaches in text classification by incorporating additional data and transfer learning on pre-trained models. Our final submission is an ensemble of an AWD-LSTM based model along with 2 different transformer model architectures based on BERT and RoBERTa. We achieved weighted-average F1 scores of 0.…
Offensive Language detection in social media platforms has been an active field of research over the past years. In non-native English spoken countries, social media users mostly use a code-mixed form of text in their posts/comments. This poses several challenges in the offensive content identification tasks, and considering the low resources available for Tamil, the task becomes much harder. The current study presents extensive experiments using multiple deep learning, and transfer learning models to detect offensive content on YouTube. We propose a novel and flexible approach of selective tr…
Sharif University of Technology（谢里夫理工大学）；NazarBin（纳扎尔宾）
This paper presents the models submitted by Ghmerti team for subtasks A and B of the OffensEval shared task at SemEval 2019. OffensEval addresses the problem of identifying and categorizing offensive language in social media in three subtasks; whether or not a content is offensive (subtask A), whether it is targeted (subtask B) towards an individual, a group, or other entities (subtask C). The proposed approach includes character-level Convolutional Neural Network, word-level Recurrent Neural Network, and some preprocessing. The performance achieved by the proposed model for subtask A is 77.93…
Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）；Qatar Computing Research Institute（卡塔尔计算研究所）；IBM Research（IBM研究院）；University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；IT University Copenhagen（哥本哈根信息技术大学）；University of Wolverhampton（伍尔弗汉普顿大学）；University of Tübingen（图宾根大学）
We present the results and main findings of SemEval-2020 Task 12 on Multilingual Offensive Language Identification in Social Media (OffensEval 2020). The task involves three subtasks corresponding to the hierarchical taxonomy of the OLID schema (Zampieri et al., 2019a) from OffensEval 2019. The task featured five languages: English, Arabic, Danish, Greek, and Turkish for Subtask A. In addition, English also featured Subtasks B and C. OffensEval 2020 was one of the most popular tasks at SemEval-2020 attracting a large number of participants across all subtasks and also across all languages. A t…
Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Data Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway（爱尔兰国立高威大学数据科学研究所）；National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal（卡纳塔克邦苏拉特卡尔国家理工学院）；National Institute of Technology, Trichy（特里奇国家理工学院）；Vellore Institute of Technology（韦洛尔理工学院）；Eastern University, Sri Lanka（斯里兰卡东方大学）；Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala（喀拉拉邦印度信息技术与管理学院）；Thiagarajar College of Engineering（蒂亚加拉贾工程学院）
Offensive content moderation is vital in social media platforms to support healthy online discussions. However, their prevalence in codemixed Dravidian languages is limited to classifying whole comments without identifying part of it contributing to offensiveness. Such limitation is primarily due to the lack of annotated data for offensive spans. Accordingly, in this shared task, we provide Tamil-English code-mixed social comments with offensive spans. This paper outlines the dataset so released, methods, and results of the submitted systems
SemEval-2020 Task 12 was OffenseEval: Multilingual Offensive Language Identification in Social Media (Zampieri et al., 2020). The task was subdivided into multiple languages and datasets were provided for each one. The task was further divided into three sub-tasks: offensive language identification, automatic categorization of offense types, and offense target identification. I have participated in the task-C, that is, offense target identification. For preparing the proposed system, I have made use of Deep Learning networks like LSTMs and frameworks like Keras which combine the bag of words m…
Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland Galway（爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦分校Insight数据分析研究中心）；TR Labs, Thomson Reuters（汤森路透TR实验室）；ULTRA Arts and Science College（ULTRA文理学院）；National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal（卡纳塔克邦苏拉特卡尔国立技术学院）；Eastern University（东方大学）；National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli（蒂鲁吉拉帕利国立技术学院）；SRM Institute of Science and Technology（SRM科学技术学院）
With the fast growth of mobile computing and Web technologies, offensive language has become more prevalent on social networking platforms. Since offensive language identification in local languages is essential to moderate the social media content, in this paper we work with three Dravidian languages, namely Malayalam, Tamil, and Kannada, that are under-resourced. We present an evaluation task at FIRE 2020- HASOC-DravidianCodeMix and DravidianLangTech at EACL 2021, designed to provide a framework for comparing different approaches to this problem. This paper describes the data creation, defin…
This paper describes the Duluth systems that participated in SemEval--2020 Task 12, Multilingual Offensive Language Identification in Social Media (OffensEval--2020). We participated in the three English language tasks. Our systems provide a simple Machine Learning baseline using logistic regression. We trained our models on the distantly supervised training data made available by the task organizers and used no other resources. As might be expected we did not rank highly in the comparative evaluation: 79th of 85 in Task A, 34th of 43 in Task B, and 24th of 39 in Task C. We carried out a quali…
International Institute of Information Technology - Hyderabad（海得拉巴国际信息技术学院）
Hateful and Toxic content has become a significant concern in today's world due to an exponential rise in social media. The increase in hate speech and harmful content motivated researchers to dedicate substantial efforts to the challenging direction of hateful content identification. In this task, we propose an approach to automatically classify hate speech and offensive content. We have used the datasets obtained from FIRE 2019 and 2020 shared tasks. We perform experiments by taking advantage of transfer learning models. We observed that the pre-trained BERT model and the multilingual-BERT m…
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡格普尔分校）
Reducing hateful and offensive content in online social media pose a dual problem for the moderators. On the one hand, rigid censorship on social media cannot be imposed. On the other, the free flow of such content cannot be allowed. Hence, we require efficient abusive language detection system to detect such harmful content in social media. In this paper, we present our machine learning model, HateMonitor, developed for Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in Indo-European Languages (HASOC), a shared task at FIRE 2019. We have used a Gradient Boosting model, along with BERT and LA…
This paper presents six document classification models using the latest transformer encoders and a high-performing ensemble model for a task of offensive language identification in social media. For the individual models, deep transformer layers are applied to perform multi-head attentions. For the ensemble model, the utterance representations taken from those individual models are concatenated and fed into a linear decoder to make the final decisions. Our ensemble model outperforms the individual models and shows up to 8.6% improvement over the individual models on the development set. On the…
In this paper, we describe the PUM team's entry to the SemEval-2020 Task 12. Creating our solution involved leveraging two well-known pretrained models used in natural language processing: BERT and XLNet, which achieve state-of-the-art results in multiple NLP tasks. The models were fine-tuned for each subtask separately and features taken from their hidden layers were combined and fed into a fully connected neural network. The model using aggregated Transformer features can serve as a powerful tool for offensive language identification problem. Our team was ranked 7th out of 40 in Sub-task C -…
Research & Development Center, Hitachi India Pvt Ltd.（日立印度私人有限公司研发中心）；Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd.（日立有限公司研发集团）
In this paper, we present our participation in SemEval-2020 Task-12 Subtask-A (English Language) which focuses on offensive language identification from noisy labels. To this end, we developed a hybrid system with the BERT classifier trained with tweets selected using Statistical Sampling Algorithm (SA) and Post-Processed (PP) using an offensive wordlist. Our developed system achieved 34 th position with Macro-averaged F1-score (Macro-F1) of 0.90913 over both offensive and non-offensive classes. We further show comprehensive results and error analysis to assist future research in offensive lan…
We investigate the performance of a state-of-the art (SoTA) architecture T5 (available on the SuperGLUE) and compare with it 3 other previous SoTA architectures across 5 different tasks from 2 relatively diverse datasets. The datasets are diverse in terms of the number and types of tasks they have. To improve performance, we augment the training data by using an autoregressive model. We achieve near-SoTA results on a couple of the tasks - macro F1 scores of 81.66% for task A of the OLID 2019 dataset and 82.54% for task A of the hate speech and offensive content (HASOC) 2021 dataset, where SoTA…
National University of Ireland Galway（爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦分校）；ULTRA Arts and Science College（ULTRA艺术与科学学院）；Cardiff University（卡迪夫大学）；Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management-Kerala（印度喀拉拉邦信息技术与管理学院）
This paper describes the development of a multilingual, manually annotated dataset for three under-resourced Dravidian languages generated from social media comments. The dataset was annotated for sentiment analysis and offensive language identification for a total of more than 60,000 YouTube comments. The dataset consists of around 44,000 comments in Tamil-English, around 7,000 comments in Kannada-English, and around 20,000 comments in Malayalam-English. The data was manually annotated by volunteer annotators and has a high inter-annotator agreement in Krippendorff's alpha. The dataset contai…
This document describes our approach to building an Offensive Language Classifier. More specifically, the OffensEval 2019 competition required us to build three classifiers with slightly different goals: - Offensive language identification: would classify a tweet as offensive or not. - Automatic categorization of offense types: would recognize if the target of the offense was an individual or not. - Offense target identification: would identify the target of the offense between an individual, group or other. In this report, we will discuss the different architectures, algorithms and pre-proces…
Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics（Insight SFI数据分析研究中心）；National University of Ireland Galway（爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦分校）；ULTRA Arts and Science College（ULTRA文理学院）；Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management-Kerala（印度信息技术与管理学院喀拉拉分校）；Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering（斯里西瓦苏布拉马尼亚纳达尔工程学院）；Sri Krishna Adithya College of Arts and Science（斯里克里希纳阿迪蒂亚文理学院）；Hindusthan College of Arts and Science（印度斯坦文理学院）
The increased proliferation of abusive content on social media platforms has a negative impact on online users. The dread, dislike, discomfort, or mistrust of lesbian, gay, transgender or bisexual persons is defined as homophobia/transphobia. Homophobic/transphobic speech is a type of offensive language that may be summarized as hate speech directed toward LGBT+ people, and it has been a growing concern in recent years. Online homophobia/transphobia is a severe societal problem that can make online platforms poisonous and unwelcome to LGBT+ people while also attempting to eliminate equality, d…
University of Wolverhampton（伍尔弗汉普顿大学）；Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）
Offensive content is pervasive in social media and a reason for concern to companies and government organizations. Several studies have been recently published investigating methods to detect the various forms of such content (e.g. hate speech, cyberbullying, and cyberaggression). The clear majority of these studies deal with English partially because most annotated datasets available contain English data. In this paper, we take advantage of available English datasets by applying cross-lingual contextual word embeddings and transfer learning to make predictions in low-resource languages. We pr…
In recent times, the detection of hate-speech, offensive, or abusive language in online media has become an important topic in NLP research due to the exponential growth of social media and the propagation of such messages, as well as their impact. Misogyny detection, even though it plays an important part in hate-speech detection, has not received the same attention. In this paper, we describe our classification systems submitted to the SemEval-2022 Task 5: MAMI - Multimedia Automatic Misogyny Identification. The shared task aimed to identify misogynous content in a multi-modal setting by ana…
Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Data Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway（爱尔兰国立高威大学数据科学研究所）
This paper investigates the effectiveness of sentence-level transformers for zero-shot offensive span identification on a code-mixed Tamil dataset. More specifically, we evaluate rationale extraction methods of Local Interpretable Model Agnostic Explanations (LIME) \cite{DBLP:conf/kdd/Ribeiro0G16} and Integrated Gradients (IG) \cite{DBLP:conf/icml/SundararajanTY17} for adapting transformer based offensive language classification models for zero-shot offensive span identification. To this end, we find that LIME and IG show baseline $F_{1}$ of 26.35\% and 44.83\%, respectively. Besides, we study…
Indian Institute of Information Technology Tiruchirappalli（蒂鲁奇拉帕利印度信息技术学院）；ULTRA Arts and Science College（ULTRA文理学院）；Eastern University（东方大学）；Kongu Engineering College（孔古工程学院）；Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering（斯里·西瓦苏布拉马尼亚·纳达尔工程学院）；Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland Galway（爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦分校SFI洞察数据分析研究中心）
Social media has effectively become the prime hub of communication and digital marketing. As these platforms enable the free manifestation of thoughts and facts in text, images and video, there is an extensive need to screen them to protect individuals and groups from offensive content targeted at them. Our work intends to classify codemixed social media comments/posts in the Dravidian languages of Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam. We intend to improve offensive language identification by generating pseudo-labels on the dataset. A custom dataset is constructed by transliterating all the code-mixe…
Qatar Computing Research Institute（卡塔尔计算研究所）；Hamad Bin Khalifa University（哈马德·本·哈利法大学）
Rampant use of offensive language on social media led to recent efforts on automatic identification of such language. Though offensive language has general characteristics, attacks on specific entities may exhibit distinct phenomena such as malicious alterations in the spelling of names. In this paper, we present a method for identifying entity specific offensive language. We employ two key insights, namely that replies on Twitter often imply opposition and some accounts are persistent in their offensiveness towards specific targets. Using our methodology, we are able to collect thousands of t…
Indian Institute of Information Technology Dharwad（印度理工学院达瓦德分校）；Graphic Era University Dehradun（格拉夫时代大学德拉敦分校）
In recent years, there has been a lot of focus on offensive content. The amount of offensive content generated by social media is increasing at an alarming rate. This created a greater need to address this issue than ever before. To address these issues, the organizers of "Dravidian-Code Mixed HASOC-2020" have created two challenges. Task 1 involves identifying offensive content in Malayalam data, whereas Task 2 includes Malayalam and Tamil Code Mixed Sentences. Our team participated in Task 2. In our suggested model, we experiment with multilingual BERT to extract features, and three differen…
