在线活动中公司的多样性和主导地位的演变
Evolution of diversity and dominance of companies in online activity
摘要：
自从互联网诞生以来，网站的数量一直呈指数级增长。这些网站涵盖了越来越多的在线服务，填补了越来越多的行业的各种社会和经济功能。然而，互联网的网络化本质，加上优先依附、回报递增和全球贸易的经济学特性，表明从长远来看，少数竞争巨头可能会主导每个功能性细分市场，如搜索、零售和社交媒体。在这里，我们进行了一个大规模的纵向研究，以量化的注意力分布在网上环境中的竞争组织。在两个大型在线社交媒体数据集中，包含超过100亿个帖子，跨越十多年，我们统计了指向组织主域名的外部链接的数量，作为他们收到的在线关注的代理。我们还使用了Common Crawl数据集--其中包含了超过10亿个不同网站之间的链接模式--来研究过去三年中整个网络的链接集中模式。最后，我们通过探索社交媒体上的在线关注与电动汽车制造商特斯拉的企业价值增长之间的关系，展示了经济，金融和市场数据之间的联系。我们的分析表明，尽管我们观察到所有宏观指标（在线关注总量，在线存在的组织数量以及它们执行的功能）都在持续增长，但我们也观察到，数量较少的组织占总用户关注的比例不断增加，通常是一个大玩家主导每个功能。这些结果突出了在线经济的演变如何涉及创新，多样性，然后竞争优势。
英文摘要：
Ever since the web began, the number of websites has been growing exponentially. These websites cover an ever-increasing range of online services that fill a variety of social and economic functions across a growing range of industries. Yet the networked nature of the web, combined with the economics of preferential attachment, increasing returns and global trade, suggest that over the long run a small number of competitive giants are likely to dominate each functional market segment, such as search, retail and social media. Here we perform a large scale longitudinal study to quantify the distribution of attention given in the online environment to competing organisations. In two large online social media datasets, containing more than 10 billion posts and spanning more than a decade, we tally the volume of external links posted towards the organisations' main domain name as a proxy for the online attention they receive. We also use the Common Crawl dataset -- which contains the linkage patterns between more than a billion different websites -- to study the patterns of link concentration over the past three years across the entire web. Lastly, we showcase the linking between economic, financial and market data by exploring the relationships between online attention on social media and the growth in enterprise value in the electric carmaker Tesla. Our analysis shows that despite the fact that we observe consistent growth in all the macro indicators -- the total amount of online attention, in the number of organisations with an online presence, and in the functions they perform -- we also observe that a smaller number of organisations account for an ever-increasing proportion of total user attention, usually with one large player dominating each function. These results highlight how evolution of the online economy involves innovation, diversity, and then competitive dominance.
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