In this work we provide a triple master action interpolating among three self-dual descriptions of massive spin-3/2 particles in $D=2+1$ dimensions. Such result generalizes a master action previously suggested in the literature. We also show that, surprisingly a shorthand notation in terms of differential operators applied in the bosonic cases of spins 2 and 3, can also be defined to the fermionic case. With the help of projection operators, we have also obtained the propagator and analyzed unitarity in $D$ dimensions of a second order spin-3/2 doublet model. Once we demonstrate that this doublet model is free of ghosts, we provide a master action interpolating such model with a fourth order theory which has several similarities with the spin-2 linearized New Massive Gravity theory.
Investigations for decay of unstable D-brane and rolling of accelerated D-brane dynamics have revealed that various proposed prescriptions give different result for spectral amplitudes and observables. Here, we study them with particular attention to unitarity and open-closed channel duality. From "ab initio" derivation in the open string channel, both in Euclidean and Lorentzian worldsheet approaches, we find heretofore overlooked contribution to the spectral amplitudes and obervables. The contribution is fortuitously absent for decay of unstable D-brane, but is present for rolling of acceler…
An uncomplicated and easily handling prescription that converts the task of checking the unitarity of massive, topologically massive, models into a straightforward algebraic exercise, is developed. The algorithm is used to test the unitarity of both topologically massive higher-derivative electromagnetism and topologically massive higher-derivative gravity. The novel and amazing features of these effective field models are also discussed.
We study the most general renormalizable ${\cal N}=1$ $U(N)$ Chern-Simons gauge theory coupled to a single (generically massive) fundamental matter multiplet. At leading order in the 't Hooft large $N$ limit we present computations and conjectures for the $2 \times 2$ $S$ matrix in these theories; our results apply at all orders in the 't Hooft coupling and the matter self interaction. Our $S$ matrices are in perfect agreement with the recently conjectured strong weak coupling self duality of this class of theories. The consistency of our results with unitarity requires a modification of the u…
The tree-loop duality relation is used as a starting point to derive the constraints of causality and unitarity. Specifically, the Bogoliubov causality condition is ab initio derived at the individual graph level. It leads to a representation of a graph in terms of lower order cut graphs. Extracting the absorptive part gives then the general unitarity relation (Cutkosky rule). The derivation, being carried out directly in momentum space, holds for any local (polynomial) hermitian interaction vertices. This is in contrast to the technical difficulties arising from contact terms in the spacetime…
The duality between color and kinematics enables the construction of multiloop gravity integrands directly from corresponding gauge-theory integrands. This has led to new nontrivial insights into the structure of gravity theories, including the discovery of enhanced ultraviolet cancellations. To continue to gain deeper understandings and probe these new properties, it is crucial to further improve techniques for constructing multiloop gravity integrands. In this paper, we show by example how one can alleviate difficulties encountered at the multiloop level by relaxing the color-kinematics dual…
A geometrical analysis of the bulk and anti-de Sitter boundary unitarity conditions of 3D "Minimal Massive Gravity" (MMG) (which evades the "bulk/boundary clash" of Topologically Massive Gravity) is used to extend and simplify previous results, showing that unitarity selects, up to equivalence, a connected region in parameter space. We also initiate the study of flat-space holography for MMG. Its relevant flat space limit is a deformation of 3D conformal gravity; the deformation is both non-linear and non-conformal, implying a linearisation instability.
Here we discuss color-kinematics duality for higher-derivative QCD-like amplitudes. We explicitly show that the duality still holds in this case and it can be instrumental in constructing the associated quadratic-gravity amplitudes by using the double-copy prescription. This allows one to drastically simplify calculations. We also evaluate some tree-level Compton scattering amplitudes in higher-derivative Yang-Mills and quadratic gravity coupled with matter. Furthermore, we illustrate the application of generalized unitarity method for both cases by studying a specific one-loop amplitude.
We present the first comprehensive analysis of the unitarity thresholds and anomalous thresholds of scattering amplitudes at two loops and beyond based on the loop-tree duality, and show how non-causal unphysical thresholds are locally cancelled in an efficient way when the forest of all the dual on-shell cuts is considered as one. We also prove that soft and collinear singularities at two loops and beyond are restricted to a compact region of the loop three-momenta, which is a necessary condition for implementing a local cancellation of loop infrared singularities with the ones appearing in r…
In this talk, we examine the physical unitarity in a massive Yang-Mills theory without the Higgs field in which the color gauge symmetry is not spontaneously broken and kept intact. For this purpose, we use a new framework proposed one of the authors based on a nonperturbative construction of a non-Abelian field describing a massive spin-one vector boson field, which enables us to perform the perturbative and nonperturbative studies on the physical unitarity. Moreover, we present a new perturbative treatment for the physical unitarity after giving the general properties of the massive Yang-Mil…
We examine a unitarity of a particular higher-derivative extension of general relativity in three space-time dimensions, which has been recently shown to be equivalent to the Pauli-Fierz massive gravity at the linearized approximation level, and explore a possibility of generalizing the model to higher space-time dimensions. We find that the model in three dimensions is indeed unitary in the tree-level, but the corresponding model in higher dimensions is not so due to the appearance of non-unitary massless spin-2 modes.
In these notes we describe how to formulate the Lagrangian insertion technique in a way that mimics generalized unitarity. We introduce a notion of cuts in real space and show that the cuts of the correlators in the super-correlators/super-amplitudes duality correspond to generalized unitarity cuts of the equivalent amplitudes. The cuts consist of correlation functions of operators in the chiral part of the stress-tensor multiplet as well as other half-BPS operators. We will also discuss the application of the method to other correlators as well as non-planar contributions.
The addition of a topologically massive term to an admittedly non-unitary three-dimensional massive model, be it an electromagnetic system or a gravitational one, does not cure its non-unitarity. What about the enlargement of avowedly unitary massive models by way of a topologically massive term? The electromagnetic models remain unitary after the topological augmentation but, surprisingly enough, the gravitational ones have their unitarity spoiled. Here we analyze these issues and present the explanation why unitary massive gravitational models, unlike unitary massive electromagnetic ones, ca…
We present explicit computations and conjectures for $2 \to 2$ scattering matrices in large $N$ {\it $U(N)$} Chern-Simons theories coupled to fundamental bosonic or fermionic matter to all orders in the 't Hooft coupling expansion. The bosonic and fermionic S-matrices map to each other under the recently conjectured Bose-Fermi duality after a level-rank transposition. The S-matrices presented in this paper may be regarded as relativistic generalization of Aharonov-Bohm scattering. They have unusual structural features: they include a non analytic piece localized on forward scattering, and obey…
In the first part of this paper, we extend the d-dimensional unitarity cut method of hep-ph/0609191 to cases with massive propagators. We present formulas for integral reduction with which one can obtain coefficients of all pentagon, box, triangle and massive bubble integrals. In the second part of this paper, we present a detailed study of the phase space integration for unitarity cuts. We carry out spinor integration in generality and give algebraic expressions for coefficients, intended for automated evaluation.
The fourth order in derivatives New Massive Gravity model NMG, describes a massive spin-2 particle in $D=2+1$. At the linearized level a proof of unitarity necessarily implies that the generalization to higher dimensions includes non-unitary massless spin-2 modes. The linearized version of NMG is dual to the Fierz-Pauli model FP. Here we examine the unitarity of higher derivative spin-3 models, analogues to the NMG, dual to the Singh-Hagen model SH. We find that the same kind of restriction on the dimension of the space also happens in this case, and the models are physical only in $D=2+1$.
In our previously published papers, it was argued that a massive non-Abelian gauge field theory in which all gauge fields have the same mass can well be set up on the gauge-invariance principle. The quantization of the fields was performed by different methods. In this paper, It is proved that the quantum theory is invariant with respect to a kind of BRST-transformations. From the BRST-invariance of the theory, the Ward-Takahashi identities satisfied by the generating functionals of full Green's functions, connected Green's functions and proper vertex functions are successively derived. As an …
In a series of papers, we examine the physical unitarity in a massive Yang-Mills theory without the Higgs field in which the color gauge symmetry is not spontaneously broken and kept intact. For this purpose, we use a new framework proposed in the previous paper Kondo [arXiv:1208.3521] based on a nonperturbative construction of a non-Abelian field describing a massive spin-one vector boson field, which enables us to perform the perturbative and nonperturbative studies on the physical unitarity. In this paper, we present a new perturbative treatment for the physical unitarity after giving the g…
Form factors, as quantities involving both local operators and asymptotic particle states, contain information of both the spectrum of operators and the on-shell amplitudes. So far the studies of form factors have been mostly focused on the large Nc planar limit, with a few exceptions of Sudakov form factors. In this paper, we discuss the systematical construction of full color dependent form factors with generic local operators. We study the color decomposition for form factors and discuss the general strategy of using on-shell unitarity cut method. As concrete applications, we compute the fu…
The presence of an unstable massive spin-2 ghost state in the renormalizable theory of massive conformal gravity leads to a pair of complex poles appearing in the first sheet of the energy plane. Here we show that the positions of these poles are gauge dependent, which makes the theory unitary.
The massive Schwinger and the massive sine-Gordon models are proved to be equivalent at finite temperature, using the path-integral framework. The well known relations among the parameters of these models to establish the duality at $T=0$, also remain valid at non zero temperature.
We study the New Massive Gravity extended by the curvature cubed invariant and the Cosmological Constant using the tree-level scattering amplitudes on a maximally symmetric space-time. We identify the parameter space, consisting of the ratio between C.C. and graviton mass squared and the relative coupling strength between curvature squared and cubed invariants, for which the massive spin-2 is a ghost. Different phases of this model are also discussed.
In this work, we show that duality symmetry can be implemented for massive theories at the level of the action, whenever we can formulate appropriates gauge invariant actions. For a massive vectorial field, we use a known gauge invariant description, while for a massive graviton, we introduce a novel gauge invariant action in order to show duality invariance.
Here we prove unitarity of the recently found fourth-order self-dual model of spin-2 by investigating the analytic structure of its propagator. The model describes massive particles of helicity +2 (or -2) in $D=2+1$ and corresponds to the quadratic truncation of a higher derivative topologically massive gravity about a flat background. It is an intriguing example of a theory where a term in the propagator of the form $1/\lbrack\Box^2 (\Box - m^2)\rbrack $ does not lead to ghosts. The crucial role of the linearized Weyl symmetry in getting rid of the ghosts is pointed out. We use a peculiar pai…
We explain how one-loop amplitudes with massive fermions can be computed using only on-shell information. We first use the spinor-helicity formalism in six dimensions to perform generalised unitarity cuts in $d$ dimensions. We then show that divergent wavefunction cuts can be avoided, and the remaining ambiguities in the renormalised amplitudes can be fixed, by matching to universal infrared poles in $4-2ε$ dimensions and ultraviolet poles in $6-2ε$ dimensions. In the latter case we construct an effective Lagrangian in six dimensions and reduce the additional constraint to an on-shell tree-lev…
For gauge theories which admit a dual string description, we analyze deep inelastic scattering at strong 't Hooft coupling and high energy, in the vicinity of the unitarity limit. We discuss the onset of unitarity corrections and determine the saturation line which separates weak scattering from strong scattering in the parameter space of rapidity and photon virtuality. We discover that the approach towards unitarity proceeds through two different mechanisms, depending upon the photon virtuality Q^2 : single Pomeron exchange at relatively low Q^2 and, respectively, multiple graviton exchanges …
A massive version of T-duality in six dimensions is given, that maps the K3 compactification of Romans' theory onto the K3 compactification of Type IIB theory. This is done by performing a (standard) Kaluza-Klein reduction on six-dimensional massive Type IIA and a Scherk-Schwarz reduction on Type IIB, mapping both theories onto the same five-dimensional theory. We also comment shortly on the difficulties arising if one intends to construct a massive generalisation of the six-dimensional string-string duality.
We present evidence for the target space duality symmetry associated with massive excited states of closed bosonic string. The evolution of string is considered in ${\hat D}$ spacetime dimensions; out of which d spacial dimensions are compactified on torus. The phase space Hamiltonian formulation is adopted to unveil the T-duality symmetry from the worldsheet perspective. The existence of this symmetry is verified for a few massive levels. A systematic procedure is presented to study T-duality symmetry of vertex operators for all massive levels of closed bosonic string. It is argued that all v…
We explore maximal unitarity for nonplanar two-loop integrals with up to four massive external legs. In this framework, the amplitude is reduced to a basis of master integrals whose coefficients are extracted from maximal cuts. The hepta-cut of the nonplanar double box defines a nodal algebraic curve associated with a multiply pinched genus-3 Riemann surface. All possible configurations of external masses are covered by two distinct topological pictures in which the curve decomposes into either six or eight Riemann spheres. The procedure relies on consistency equations based on vanishing of in…
We analyze the most general case of third-order Chern-Simons-like theories of massive 3D gravity. Results show the conditions for finding the unitary regions on the parameter space. There exists $(n-1)$th order theories on the boundary of a unitary $n$th order model on parameter space under certain conditions, as the first example recently demonstrated from the bimetric generalization of exotic massive gravity. We investigated the mechanism that causes this type of transition for third-order models. Hamiltonian analysis of the theory also presents that ghost and no-ghost regions can be separat…
The equations of motion that must be satisfied by fields that constitute realizations of the Poincare group algebra, for integral spin, and mass m, are obtained. For the case of massive spin 2 these equations are satisfied by the selfdual, intermediate and the linear topologically massive models, whose actions are connected by duality transformations. These duality transformations incorporate the gauge invariances that distinguish one action from the other. The relation between their partition functions is briefly discussed.
We extend the duality between massive and topologically massive antisymmetric tensor gauge theories in arbitrary space-time dimensions to include topological defects. We show explicitly that the condensation of these defects leads, in 4 dimensions, to confinement of electric strings in the two dual models. The dual phase, in which magnetic strings are confined is absent. The presence of the confinement phase explicitly found in the 4-dimensional case, is generalized, using duality arguments, to arbitrary space-time dimensions.
We study the invariance under duality transformations in massless and massive $p-$form field theories and obtain the Noether generators of the infinitesimal transformations that correspond to this symmetry. These generators are realized in geometrical representations that generalize the Loop Representation of the Maxwell field, allowing for a geometrical interpretation which is studied.
A perturbative regime based on contorsion as a dynamical variable and metric as a (classical) fixed background, is performed in the context of a pure Yang-Mills formulation based on $GL(3,R)$ gauge group. In the massless case we show that the theory propagates three degrees of freedom and only one is a non-unitary mode. Next, we introduce quadratical terms dependent on torsion, which preserve parity and general covariance. The linearized version reproduces an analogue Hilbert-Einstein-Fierz-Pauli unitary massive theory plus three massless modes, two of them non-unitary ones. Finally we confirm…
The standard unitarity-cut method is applied to several massive two-dimensional models, including the world-sheet AdS$_5\times S^5$ superstring, to compute $2\to 2$ scattering S-matrices at one loop from tree level amplitudes. Evidence is found for the cut-constructibility of supersymmetric integrable models, while for models without supersymmetry (but integrable) the missing rational terms can be interpreted as a shift in the coupling.
A perturbative regime based on contortion as a dynamical variable and metric as a (classical) fixed background, is performed in the context of a pure Yang-Mills formulation for gravity in a $2+1$ dimensional space-time. In the massless case we show that the theory contains three degrees of freedom and only one is a non-unitary mode. Next, we introduce quadratical terms dependent on torsion, which preserve parity and general covariance. The linearized version reproduces an analogue Hilbert-Einstein-Fierz-Pauli unitary massive theory plus three massless modes, two of them represents non-unitary …
We propose an alternative understanding of the relationship between massive and massless magnonic TBA systems, using the T-duality symmetries of the Homogeneous sine-Gordon models. This is shown to be in agreement with a previous treatment by Dorey, Dunning and Tateo, based on the properties of Y-systems.
To illustrate the unitarity of the massive gauge field theory described in the foregoing papers, we calculate the scattering amplitudes up to the fourth order of perturbation by the optical theorem and the Landau-Cutkosky rule. In the calculations, it is shown that for a given process, if all the diagrams are taken into account, the contributions arising from the unphysical intermediate states included in the longitudinal part of the gauge boson propagator and in the ghost particle propagator are completely cancelled out with each other in the S-matrix elements. Therefore, the unitarity of the…
We show that dualization of Stueckelberg-like massive gauge theories and $B\wedge F$ models, follows form a general p-dualization of interacting theories in d spacetime dimensions. This is achieved by a particular choice of the external current.
We study the three-particle and four-particle scattering amplitudes for an arbitrary, finite number of massive scalars, spinors and vectors by employing the on-shell massive spinor formalism. We consider the most general three-particle amplitudes with energy growing behavior at most of $\mathcal{O} (E)$. This is the special case of the requirement of tree unitarity, which states that the $N$-particle scattering amplitudes at tree-level should grow at most as $\mathcal{O} (E^{4-N})$ in the high energy hard scattering limit, i.e. at fixed non-zero angles. Then the factorizable parts of the four-…
We study compactifications of string theory and M-theory to six dimensions with background fluxes. The nonzero fluxes lead to additional mass parameters. We derive the S- and T-duality rules for the corresponding (massive) supergravity theories. Specifically, we investigate the massive T-duality between Type IIA superstring theory compactified on K3 with background fluxes and Type IIB superstring theory compactified on K3. Furthermore, we generalise to the massive case the 6D 'string-string' S-duality between M-theory on K3 x S^1 and the Heterotic String on T^4. Whereas in the case of massive …
We show that, with the help of a general BRST symmetry, different theories in 3 dimensions can be connected through a fundamental topological field theory related to the classical limit of the Chern-Simons model.
We consider self-duality in a 2+1 dimensional gauge theory containing both the Born-Infeld and the Chern-Simons terms. We introduce a Born-Infeld inspired generalization of the Proca term and show that the corresponding self dual equation is identical to that of the Born-Infeld-Chern-Simons theory.
Fermionic T-duality transformation is studied for the N=1 supersymmetric solutions of massive type IIA supergravity with the metric AdS_{10-k} x M_k for k=3 and 5. We derive the Killing spinors of these backgrounds and use them as an input for the fermionic T-duality transformation. The resulting dual solutions form a large family of supersymmetric deformations of the original solutions by complex valued RR fluxes. We observe that the Romans mass parameter does not change under fermionic T-duaity, and prove its invariance in the k=3 case.
A generalization of duality transformations for arbitrary Lorentz tensors is presented, and a systematic scheme for constructing the dual descriptions is developed. The method, a purely Lagrangian approach, is based on a first order parent Lagrangian, from which the dual partners are generated. In particular, a family of theories which are dual to the massive spin two Fierz-Pauli field, both free and coupled to an external source, is constructed in terms of a third rank tensor which is taken as the basic configuration variable.
We give a detailed analysis of the particle spectrum and the perturbative unitarity of the recently introduced Weyl-invariant version of the new massive gravity in 2+1 dimensions. By computing the action up to second order in the fluctuations of the metric, the gauge and the scalar fields around the anti-de Sitter (AdS) and flat vacua, we find that the theory describes unitary (tachyon and ghost-free) massive spin-2, massive (or massless) spin-1 and massless spin-0 excitations for certain ranges of the dimensionless parameters. The theory is not unitary in de Sitter space. Scale invariance is …
In this paper we study half-supersymmetric (D6,D8) bound state brane configuration of massive type IIA supergravity. We show that this bound state can also be generated by using massive T-duality rules of type-II supergravities in D=9, starting from D7-branes. We write down corresponding Killing spinors and find that these backgrounds indeed preserve 16 supersymmetries like any other D$p$-brane bound state with $B$-field. We also make a point on the massive nature of the $B$-field in this background. The Seiberg-Witten limits to obtain 9-dimensional NCYMs are also discussed, but the full under…
We derive a component-field expansion of the Green-Schwarz action for the type IIA string, in an arbitrary background of massless NS-NS and R-R bosonic fields, up to quadratic order in the fermionic coordinates θ. Using this action, we extend the usual derivation of Buscher T-duality rules to include not only NS-NS, but also R-R fields. Our implementation of the T-duality transformation rules makes use of adapted background-field parametrizations, which provide a more geometrically natural and elegant description for the duality maps than the ones previously presented. These T-duality rules al…
Bosonization of the gauged, massive Thirring model in 2+1-dimensions produces a Maxwell-Chern-Simons gauge theory, coupled to a dynamical, massive vector field. Exploiting the Master Lagrangian formalism, two dual theories are constructed, one of them being a gauge theory. The full two-point functions of both the interacting fields are computed in the path integral quantization scheme. Furthermore, some new dual models, derived from the original master lagrangian and valid for different regimes of coupling parameters, are constructed and analysed in details.
We study the soldering formalism in the context of abelian p-form theories. We develop further the fusion process of massless antisymmetric tensors of different ranks into a massive p-form and establish its duality properties. To illustrate the formalism we consider two situations. First the soldering mass generation mechanism is compared with the Higgs and Julia-Toulouse mechanisms for mass generation due to condensation of electric and magnetic topological defects. We show that the soldering mechanism interpolates between them for even dimensional spacetimes, in this way confirming the Higgs…
Massive theories of abelian p-forms are quantized in a generalized path-representation that leads to a description of the phase space in terms of a pair of dual non-local operators analogous to the Wilson Loop and the 't Hooft disorder operators. Special atention is devoted to the study of the duality between the Topologically Massive and the Self-Dual models in 2+1 dimensions. It is shown that these models share a geometric representation in which just one non local operator suffices to describe the observables.
The formalism of spacetime dependent lagrangians developed in Ref.1 is applied to the Sine Gordon and massive Thirring models.It is shown that the well-known equivalence of these models (in the context of weak-strong duality) can be understood in this approach from the same considerations as described in [1] for electromagnetic duality. A further new result is that all these can be naturally linked to the fact that the holographic principle has analogues at length scales much larger than quantum gravity. There is also the possibility of {\it noncommuting coodinates} residing on the boundaries.…
It has been suggested that new massive gravity with higher order terms in the curvature may be renormalizable and thus a candidate for renormalizable quantum gravity. We show that three-dimensional gravity that contains quadratic scalar curvature and Ricci tensor is renormalizable, but those theories with special relation between their coefficients including new massive gravity are not.
We discuss the problem of unitarity for Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge with a mass term a la Stueckelberg. We assume that the theory (non-renormalizable) makes sense in some subtraction scheme (in particular the Slavnov-Taylor identities should be respected!) and we devote the paper to the study of the space of the unphysical modes. We find that the theory is unitary only under the hypothesis that the 1-PI two-point function of the vector mesons has no poles (at p^2=0). This normalization condition might be rather crucial in the very definition of the theory. With all these provisos the…
In this report we study the dual equivalence between the generalized self-dual (SD) and topologically massive (TM) models. To this end we linearize the model using an auxiliary field and apply a gauge embedding procedure to construct a gauge equivalent model. We clearly show that, under the above conditions, a nonlinear SD model always has a duality equivalent TM action.The general result obtained is then particularized for a number of examples, including the Born-Infeld-Chern-Simons (BICS) model recently discussed in the literature.
