Wireless charging technology provides a solution to the insufficient battery life of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the conflict of interests between wireless charging lanes (WCLs) and EVs is difficult to resolve. In the day-ahead electricity market, considering the revenue of WCLs caused by the deviation between actual electricity sales and pre-purchased electricity, as well as endurance and traveling experience of EVs, this paper proposes a charging scheduling algorithm based on a double-layer game model. In lower layer, the potential game is used to model the multi-vehicle game of vehicle charging planning. A shortest path algorithm based on the three-way greedy strategy is designed to solve in dynamic charging sequence problem, and the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm are used to solve the variable ordered potential game. In the upper layer, the reverse Stackelberg game is adopted to harmonize the cost of wireless charging lanes and electric vehicles. As the leader, WCLs stimulate EVs to carry out reasonable charing action by electricity price regulation. As the follower, EVs make the best charging decisions for a given electricity price. An iteration algorithm is designed to ensure the Nash equilibrium convergence of this game. The simulation results show that the double-layer game model proposed in this paper can effectively suppress the deviation between the actual electricity sales and the pre-sale of the charging lane caused by the disorderly charging behavior of the vehicle, and ensure the high endurance and traveling experience of EVs.
As the number of electric vehicles (EVs) significantly increases, the excessive charging demand of parked EVs in the charging station may incur an instability problem to the electricity network during peak hours. For the charging station to take a microgrid (MG) structure, an economical and energy-efficient power management scheme is required for the power provision of EVs while considering the local load demand of the MG. For these purposes, this study presents the power management scheme of interdependent MG and EV fleets aided by a novel EV charg-ing/discharging scheduling algorithm. In thi…
The large adoption of EVs brings practical interest to the operation optimization of the charging station. The joint scheduling of pricing and charging control will achieve a win-win situation both for the charging station and EV drivers, thus enhancing the operational capability of the station. We consider this important problem in this paper and make the following contributions. First, a joint scheduling model of pricing and charging control is developed to maximize the expected social welfare of the charging station considering the Quality of Service and the price fluctuation sensitivity of…
We develop a new algorithm for scheduling the charging process of a large number of electric vehicles (EVs) over a finite horizon. We assume that EVs arrive at the charging stations with different charge levels and different flexibility windows. The arrival process is assumed to have a known distribution and that the charging process of EVs can be preemptive. We pose the scheduling problem as a dynamic program with constraints. We show that the resulting formulation leads to a monotone dynamic program with Lipschitz continuous value functions that are robust against perturbation of system para…
Operators who deploy large fleets of electric vehicles often face a challenging charge scheduling problem. Specifically, time-ineffective recharging operations limit the profitability of charging during service operations such that operators recharge vehicles off-duty at a central depot. Here, high investment cost and grid capacity limit available charging infrastructure such that operators need to schedule charging operations to keep the fleet operational. In this context, flexible service operations, i.e. allowing to delay or expedite vehicle departures, can potentially increase charger util…
The accelerated electrification of transport systems with EVs has brought new challenges for charging scheduling, fleet management, and charging infrastructure location and configuration planning. In this review, we have provided a systematic review of the recent development in strategic, tactical, and operational decisions for demand responsive transport system planning using electric vehicles (EV-DRT). We have summarized recent developments in mathematical modeling approaches and identified future research directions. A list of existing open-access datasets, numerical test instances, and sof…
Electrical Vehicle Charging Station Profit Maximization: Admission, Pricing, and Online Scheduling
The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学深圳研究院）；College of Information Engineering, Shenzhen University（深圳大学信息工程学院）
本文提出JoAP机制，通过联合优化电动汽车接入控制、定价和充电调度，提升充电站利润。通过 tandem 队列网络模型分析，设计最优算法并在模拟中验证其在不同等待时间惩罚率下利润提升达330%-531%。
The increased uptake of electric vehicles (EVs) leads to increased demand for electricity, and sometimes pressure on power grids. Uncoordinated charging of EVs may result in stress on distribution networks, and often some form of optimization is required in the charging process. Optimal coordinated charging is a multi-objective optimization problem (MOOP) in nature, with objective functions such as minimum price charging and minimum disruptions to the grid. In this manuscript, we propose a general multi-objective EV charging/discharging schedule (MOEVCS) framework, where the time of use (TOU) …
We describe the architecture and algorithms of the Adaptive Charging Network (ACN), which was first deployed on the Caltech campus in early 2016 and is currently operating at over 100 other sites in the United States. The architecture enables real-time monitoring and control and supports electric vehicle (EV) charging at scale. The ACN adopts a flexible Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm based on convex optimization and model predictive control and allows for significant over-subscription of electrical infrastructure. We describe some of the practical challenges in real-world charging systems, incl…
Electrification can help to reduce the carbon footprint of aviation. The transition away from jet fuel-powered conventional airplane towards battery-powered electrified aircraft will impose extra charging requirements on airports. In this paper, we first quantify the increase in energy demands at several airports across the United States (US), when commercial airline carriers partially deploy hybrid electric aircraft (HEA). We then illustrate that smart charging and minor modifications to flight schedules can substantially reduce peak power demands, and in turn the needs for grid infrastructur…
Coordinating the charging scheduling of electric vehicles for dynamic dial-a-ride services is challenging considering charging queuing delays and stochastic customer demand. We propose a new two-stage solution approach to handle dynamic vehicle charging scheduling to minimize the costs of daily charging operations of the fleet. The approach comprises two components: daily vehicle charging scheduling and online vehicle-charger assignment. A new battery charge scheduling model is proposed to obtain the vehicle charging schedules by minimizing the costs of vehicle daily charging operations while …
Power Estimation and Optimal Work-Charging Scheduling of Construction Electric Vehicles via Mobile Charging Stations
University of California, San Diego（加州大学圣迭戈分校）；İzmir Institute of Technology（伊兹密尔理工学院）；Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University（穆格拉锡特科奇曼大学）；Central Queensland University（中昆士兰大学）
With the popularization of the electric vehicles (EVs), EV charging demand is becoming an important load in the building. Considering the mobility of EVs from building to building and their uncertain charging demand, it is of great practical interest to control the EV charging process in a microgrid of buildings to optimize the total operation cost while ensuring the transmission safety between the microgrid and the main grid. We consider this important problem in this paper and make the following contributions. First, we formulate this problem as a Markov decision process to capture the uncer…
Joint Transportation and Charging Scheduling in Public Vehicle Systems - A Game Theoretic Approach
Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学计算机科学与工程系）；Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学电气工程系）；Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学电气工程系）
Objective Aiming at the problems of many interference factors in the electromagnetic radiation simulation of electric vehicles, a field measurement scheme for charging devices is designed. Through the monitoring of wireless charging equipment, the radiation level and distribution of the electric field value and magnetic field value around the charging equipment is explored, to analyze the influence law of the electromagnetic environment. Method This paper introduces the principle and development status of electric vehicle charging, and analyzes the classification and methods of wireless chargi…
Wireless charging coupled with computation offloading in edge networks offers a promising solution for realizing power-hungry and computation intensive applications on user devices. We consider a mutil-access edge computing (MEC) system with collocated MEC servers and base-stations/access points (BS/AP) supporting multiple users requesting data computation and wireless charging. We propose an integrated solution with computation offloading to satisfy the largest proportion of requested wireless charging while keeping the energy consumption at the minimum subject to the MEC-AP transmit power an…
With the increasing popularity of the Internet of Things(IoT) devices, the demand for fast and convenient battery charging services grows rapidly. Wireless charging is a promising technology for such a purpose and its usage has become ubiquitous. However, the close distance between the charger and the device being charged not only makes proximity-based and near field communication attacks possible, but also introduces a new type of vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose to create fingerprints for wireless chargers based on the intrinsic non-linear distortion effects of the underlying charg…
Distributed laser charging (DLC) is a wireless power transfer technology for mobile electronics. Similar to traditional wireless charging systems, the DLC system can only provide constant power to charge a battery. However, Li-ion battery needs dynamic input current and voltage, thus power, in order to optimize battery charging performance. Therefore, neither power transmission efficiency nor battery charging performance can be optimized by the DLC system. We at first propose an adaptive DLC (ADLC) system to optimize wireless power transfer efficiency and battery charging performance. Then, we…
The rapid escalation in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and their uncoordinated charging patterns pose several challenges in distribution system operation. Some of the undesirable effects include overloading of transformers, rapid voltage fluctuations, and over/under voltages. While this compromises the consumer power quality, it also puts on extra stress on the local voltage control devices. These challenges demand for a well-coordinated and power network-aware charging approach for PEVs in a community. This paper formulates a real-time electric vehicle charging scheduling problem as an mixe…
With recent developments in vehicle and battery technologies, electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly getting established as a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil-fuel vehicles. This has made the large-scale electrification of ride-sourcing operations a practical viability, providing an opportunity for a leap toward urban sustainability goals. Despite having a similar driving range to fossil-fuel vehicles, EVs are disadvantaged by their long charging times which compromises the total fleet service time. To efficiently manage an EV fleet, the operator needs to address the charge schedulin…
The electrification of transport is seen as an important step in the global decarbonisation agenda. With such a large expected load on the power system from electric vehicles (EVs), it is important to coordinate charging in order to balance the supply and demand for electricity. Bidirectional charging, enabled through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, will unlock significant storage capacity from stationary EVs that are plugged in. To take this concept a step further, this paper quantifies the potential revenues to be gained by a commercial EV fleet operator from simultaneously scheduling its …
Supported by the technical development of electric battery and charging facilities, plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) has the potential to be mobile energy storage (MES) for energy delivery from resourceful charging stations (RCSs) to limited-capacity charging stations (LCSs). In this paper, we study the problem of using on-road PEVs as MESs for energy compensation service to compensate charging station (CS) overload. A price-incentive scheme is proposed for power system operator (PSO) to stimulate on-road MESs fulfilling energy compensation tasks. The price-service interaction between the PSO an…
This paper investigates the problem of bidirectional energy exchange between electric vehicles (EVs) and road lanes embedded with wireless power transfer technologies called wireless charging-discharging lanes (WCDLs). As such, EVs could provide better services to the grid, especially for balancing the supply-demand, while bringing convenience for EV users, because no cables and EV stops are needed. To enable this EV--WCDL energy exchange, a novel decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) trading mechanism is proposed, in which EVs directly negotiate with a WCDL to reach consensus on the energy price a…
Route Optimization of Electric Vehicles based on Dynamic Wireless Charging
University of Thessaly（色萨利大学）；De Montfort University（德蒙福特大学）；Nottingham Trent University（诺丁汉特伦特大学）；University of Surrey（萨里大学）；T.E.I. of Thessaly（色萨利技术教育学院）
The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has promised a next-generation transportation system with reduced carbon emission. The fast development of EVs and charging facilities is driving the evolution of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) to Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV). IoEV benefits from both smart grid and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies which provide advanced bi-directional charging services and real-time data processing capability, respectively. The major design challenges of the IoEV charging control lie in the randomness of charging events and the mobility of EVs. In this artic…
A Hierarchical Stochastic Model Predictive Control Framework for Integrated Request-aware Charge Scheduling and Service Allocation
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学、法国国家科学研究中心、格勒诺布尔理工学院）；College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学计算与数据科学学院）
Toward Proactive RF Charging Scheduling: Generative AI for Decision Support
Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland（芬兰奥卢大学无线通信中心）；School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada（加拿大渥太华大学电气与计算机科学学院）；Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong（香港大学电子与电气工程系）
Grid-aware Scheduling and Control of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations for Dispatching Active Distribution Networks. Part-II: Intra-day and Experimental Validation
This paper analyzes the energy efficiency of a novel system model where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used to provide coverage for user hotspots (user clusters) and are deployed on charging pads to enhance the flight time. We introduce a new notion of "cluster pairs" to capture the dynamic nature of the users' spatial distribution in order to exploit one of the top advantages of UAVs, which is the mobility and relocation flexibility. Using tools from stochastic geometry, we first derive a new distance distribution that is vital for energy efficiency analysis. Next, we compute the coverag…
Grid-aware Scheduling and Control of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations for Dispatching Active Distribution Networks. Part-I: Day-ahead and Numerical Validation
While the fifth-generation cellular (5G) is meant to deliver Gigabit peak data speeds, low latency, and connect to billions of devices, and 6G is already on the way, half of the world population living in rural areas are still facing challenges connecting to the internet. Compared with urban areas, users in rural areas are greatly impacted by low income, high cost of backhaul connectivity, limited resources, extreme weather, and natural geographical limitations. Hereby, how to connect the rural areas and what are the difficulties of providing connectivity draw great attention. This article fir…
