The Airy$_β$ point process, originally introduced by Ramírez, Rider, and Virág, is defined as the spectrum of the stochastic Airy operator $\mathcal{H}_β$ acting on a subspace of $L^2[0,\infty)$ with Dirichlet boundary condition. In this paper we study the coupled family of point processes defined as the eigenvalues of $\mathcal{H}_β$ acting on a subspace of $L^2[t,\infty)$. These point processes are coupled through the Brownian term of $\mathcal{H}_β$. We show that these point processes as a function of $t$ are differentiable with explicitly computable derivative. Moreover when recentered by $t$ the resulting point process is stationary. This process can also be viewed as an analogue to the 'GUE minor process' in the tridiagonal setting.
For a wide class of Hermitian random matrices, the limit distribution of the eigenvalues close to the largest one is governed by the Airy point process. In such ensembles, the limit distribution of the k-th largest eigenvalue is given in terms of the Airy kernel Fredholm determinant or in terms of Tracy-Widom formulas involving solutions of the Painlevé II equation. Limit distributions for quantities involving two or more near-extreme eigenvalues, such as the gap between the k-th and the \ell-th largest eigenvalue or the sum of the k largest eigenvalues, can be expressed in terms of Fredholm d…
Putting dynamics into random matrix models leads to finitely many nonintersecting Brownian motions on the real line for the eigenvalues, as was discovered by Dyson. Applying scaling limits to the random matrix models, combined with Dyson's dynamics, then leads to interesting, infinite-dimensional diffusions for the eigenvalues. This paper studies the relationship between two of the models, namely the Airy and Pearcey processes and more precisely shows how to approximate the multi-time statistics for the Pearcey process by the one of the Airy process with the help of a PDE governing the gap pro…
We study $n$ non-intersecting Brownian motions, corresponding to the eigenvalues of an $n\times n$ Hermitian Brownian motion. At the boundary of their limit shape we find that only three universal processes can arise: the Pearcey process close to merging points, the Airy line ensemble at edges and a novel determinantal process describing the transition from the Pearcey process to the Airy line ensemble. The three cases are distinguished by a remarkably simple integral condition. Our results hold under very mild assumptions, in particular we do not require any kind of convergence of the initial…
We prove the Central Limit Theorem for the number of eigenvalues near the spectrum edge for hermitian ensembles of random matrices. To derive our results, we use a general theorem, essentially due to Costin and Lebowitz, concerning the Gaussian fluctuation of the number of particles in random point fields with determinantal correlation functions. As another corollary of Costin-Lebowitz Theorem we prove CLT for the empirical distribution function of the eigenvalues of random matrices from classical compact groups.
We investigate the marginal distribution of the bottom eigenvalues of the stochastic Airy operator when the inverse temperature $β$ tends to $0$. We prove that the minimal eigenvalue, whose fluctuations are governed by the Tracy-Widom $β$ law, converges weakly, when properly centered and scaled, to the Gumbel distribution. More generally we obtain the convergence in law of the marginal distribution of any eigenvalue with given index $k$. Those convergences are obtained after a careful analysis of the explosion times process of the Riccati diffusion associated to the stochastic Airy operator. W…
We determine the operator limit for large powers of random tridiagonal matrices as the size of the matrix grows. The result provides a novel expression in terms of functionals of Brownian motions for the Laplace transform of the Airy$_β$ process, which describes the largest eigenvalues in the $β$ ensembles of random matrix theory. Another consequence is a Feynman-Kac formula for the stochastic Airy operator of Ramírez, Rider, and Virág. As a side result, we find that the difference between the area underneath a standard Brownian excursion and one half of the integral of its squared local times…
We establish that the static height fluctuations of a particular growth model, the PNG droplet, converges upon proper rescaling to a limit process, which we call the Airy process A(y). The Airy process is stationary, it has continuous sample paths, its single "time" (fixed y) distribution is the Tracy-Widom distribution of the largest eigenvalue of a GUE random matrix, and the Airy process has a slow decay of correlations as y^(-2). Roughly the Airy process describes the last line of Dyson's Brownian motion model for random matrices. Our construction uses a multi-layer version of the PNG model…
In this paper, we answer a question posed by Kurt Johansson, to find a PDE for the joint distribution of the Airy Process. The latter is a continuous stationary process, describing the motion of the outermost particle of the Dyson Brownian motion, when the number of particles get large, with space and time appropriately rescaled. The question reduces to an asymptotic analysis on the equation governing the joint probability of the eigenvalues of coupled Gaussian Hermitian matrices. The differential equations lead to the asymptotic behavior of the joint distribution and the correlation for the A…
We prove that the largest eigenvalues of the beta ensembles of random matrix theory converge in distribution to the low-lying eigenvalues of the random Schroedinger operator -d^2/dx^2 + x + (2/beta^{1/2}) b_x' restricted to the positive half-line, where b_x' is white noise. In doing so we extend the definition of the Tracy-Widom(beta) distributions to all beta>0, and also analyze their tails. Last, in a parallel development, we provide a second characterization of these laws in terms of a one-dimensional diffusion. The proofs rely on the associated tridiagonal matrix models and a universality …
We study the local asymptotics at the edge for particle systems arising from: (i) eigenvalues of sums of unitarily invariant random Hermitian matrices and (ii) signatures corresponding to decompositions of tensor products of representations of the unitary group. Our method treats these two models in parallel, and is based on new formulas for observables described in terms of a special family of lifts, which we call supersymmetric lifts, of Schur functions and multivariate Bessel functions. We obtain explicit expressions for a class of supersymmetric lifts inspired by determinantal formulas for…
We access the edge of Gaussian beta ensembles with one spike by analyzing high powers of the associated tridiagonal matrix models. In the classical cases beta=1, 2, 4, this corresponds to studying the fluctuations of the largest eigenvalues of additive rank one perturbations of the GOE/GUE/GSE random matrices. In the infinite-dimensional limit, we arrive at a one-parameter family of random Feynman-Kac type semigroups, which features the stochastic Airy semigroup of Gorin and Shkolnikov [13] as an extreme case. Our analysis also provides Feynman-Kac formulas for the spiked stochastic Airy opera…
It was shown in [J. A. Ramírez, B. Rider and B. Virág. J. Amer. Math. Soc. 24, 919-944 (2011)] that the edge of the spectrum of $β$ ensembles converges in the large $N$ limit to the bottom of the spectrum of the stochastic Airy operator. In the present paper, we obtain a complete description of the bottom of this spectrum when the temperature $1/β$ goes to $\infty$: we show that the point process of appropriately rescaled eigenvalues converges to a Poisson point process on $\mathbb{R}$ of intensity $e^x dx$ and that the eigenfunctions converge to Dirac masses centered at IID points with expone…
We consider a discrete polynuclear growth (PNG) process and prove a functioal limit theorem for its convergrence to the Airy process. This generalizes previous results by Pr"ahofer and Spohn. The result enables us to express the GOE largest eigenvalue (Tracy-Widom) distribution in terms of the Airy process. We also show some results and give a conjecture about the transversal fluctuations in a point to line last passage percolation problem.
We develop a theory of multilevel distributions of eigenvalues which complements the Dyson's threefold $β=1,2,4$ approach corresponding to real/complex/quaternion matrices by $β=\infty$ point. Our central objects are G$\infty$E ensemble, which is a counterpart of classical Gaussian Orthogonal/Unitary/Symplectic ensembles, and Airy$_{\infty}$ line ensemble, which is a collection of continuous curves serving as a scaling limit for largest eigenvalues at $β=\infty$. We develop two points of views on these objects. Probabilistic one treats them as partition functions of certain additive polymers c…
In a celebrated paper, Dyson shows that the spectrum of an n\times n random Hermitian matrix, diffusing according to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, evolves as n noncolliding Brownian motions held together by a drift term. The universal edge and bulk scalings for Hermitian random matrices, applied to the Dyson process, lead to the Airy and Sine processes. In particular, the Airy process is a continuous stationary process, describing the motion of the outermost particle of the Dyson Brownian motion, when the number of particles gets large, with space and time appropriately rescaled. In this pape…
For the eigenvalues of principal submatrices of stochastically evolving Wigner matrices, we construct and study the edge scaling limit: a random decreasing sequence of continuous functions of two variables, which at every point has the distribution of the Airy point process. The analysis is based on the methods developed by Soshnikov to study the extreme eigenvalues of a single Wigner matrix.
When the number of particles is finite, the noncolliding Brownian motion (the Dyson model) and the noncolliding squared Bessel process are determinantal diffusion processes for any deterministic initial configuration $ξ=\sum_{j \in Λ} δ_{x_j}$, in the sense that any multitime correlation function is given by a determinant associated with the correlation kernel, which is specified by an entire function $Φ$ having zeros in $\supp ξ$. Using such entire functions $Φ$, we define new topologies called the $Φ$-moderate topologies. Then we construct three infinite-dimensional determinantal processes, …
The aim of this note is to provide a pedagogical survey of the recent works by the authors ( arXiv:1409.7548 and arXiv:1507.06013) concerning the local behavior of the eigenvalues of large complex correlated Wishart matrices at the edges and cusp points of the spectrum: Under quite general conditions, the eigenvalues fluctuations at a soft edge of the limiting spectrum, at the hard edge when it is present, or at a cusp point, are respectively described by mean of the Airy kernel, the Bessel kernel, or the Pearcey kernel. Moreover, the eigenvalues fluctuations at several soft edges are asymptot…
In this paper, we study the random matrix model of Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE) with fixed-rank (aka spiked) external source. We will focus on the critical regime of the Baik-Ben Arous-Péché (BBP) phase transition and establish the distribution of the eigenvectors associated with the leading eigenvalues. The distribution is given in terms of a determinantal point process with extended Airy kernel. Our result can be regarded as an eigenvector counterpart of the BBP eigenvalue phase transition (arXiv:math/0403022). The derivation of the distribution makes use of the recently re-discovered eig…
We establish sharp global rigidity upper bounds for universal determinantal point processes describing edge eigenvalues of random matrices. For this, we first obtain a general result which can be applied to general (not necessarily determinantal) point processes which have a smallest (or largest) point: it allows to deduce global rigidity upper bounds from the exponential moments of the counting function of the process. By combining this with known exponential moment asymptotics for the Airy and Bessel point processes, we improve on the best known upper bounds for the global rigidity of the Ai…
We call "Dyson process" any process on ensembles of matrices in which the entries undergo diffusion. We are interested in the distribution of the eigenvalues (or singular values) of such matrices. In the original Dyson process it was the ensemble of n by n Hermitian matrices, and the eigenvalues describe n curves. Given sets X_1,...,X_m the probability that for each k no curve passes through X_k at time τ_k is given by the Fredholm determinant of a certain matrix kernel, the extended Hermite kernel. For this reason we call this Dyson process the Hermite process. Similarly, when the entries of …
The Jánossy density for a determinantal point process is the probability density that an interval $I$ contains exactly $p$ points except for those at $k$ designated loci. The Jánossy density associated with an integrable kernel $\mathbf{K}\doteq (φ(x)ψ(y)-ψ(x)φ(y))/(x-y)$ is shown to be expressed as a Fredholm determinant $\mathrm{Det}(\mathbb{I}-\tilde{\mathbf{K}}|_I)$ of a transformed kernel $\tilde{\mathbf{K}}\doteq (\tildeφ(x)\tildeψ(y)-\tildeψ(x)\tildeφ(y))/(x-y)$. We observe that $\tilde{\mathbf{K}}$ satisfies Tracy and Widom's criteria if $\mathbf{K}$ does, because of the structure that…
