Jon R. Pugh, Edmund Harbord, Andrei Sarua, Peter Fletcher, Ye Tian, Tao Wang, Martin J. Cryan
This paper reports on design, measurement and optimisation of a Tamm plasmon metal-DBR cavity for use in the green part of the visible spectrum. It uses an optimised silver layer thickness and a porous DBR created using a novel electro-chemical etching technique. This device has applications in low cost lasers, photodetectors and photoconductive switches for the visible wavelength range.
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We propose a composite multilayer structure consist of graphene Tamm plasmon and Bragg reflector with defect layer to realize the low threshold and tunable optical bistability (OB) at the terahertz frequencies. This low-threshold OB originates from the couple of the Tamm plasmon (TP) and the defect mode (DM). We discuss the influence of graphene and the DM on the hysteretic response of the TM-polarized reflected light. It is found that the switch-up and switch-down threshold required to observe the optical bistable behavior are lowered markedly due to the excitation of the TP and DM. Besides, …
The reflectivity of various Bragg reflectors in connection to waveguide structures, including nanowires, has been investigated using modal reflection and transmission matrices. A semi-analytical model was applied yielding increased understanding of the diffraction effects present in such gratings. Planar waveguides and nanowire lasers are considered in particular. Two geometries are compared; Bragg reflectors within the waveguides are shown to have significant advantages compared to Bragg reflectors in the substrate, when diffraction effects are significant.
We present plasmonic Bragg reflectors for increasing the extraordinary optical transmission through periodic arrays of subwavelength apertures in a metal film. The increase in transmission arises by preventing loss at the edges of the array. The plasmonic Bragg reflectors have periodicity of half the usual array's periodicity. Nano-hole arrays flanked thus by reflectors exchibited double the transmission as compared to the arrays without reflectors. These structures may also be used to isolate devices in plasmonic integrated circuits.
We investigate Tamm plasmon (TP) modes in a metal/semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) interface. A thin Ag (silver) layer with an optimized thickness (~ 55 nm from simulation) was deposited on nanoporous GaN DBRs fabricated using electrochemical etching on freestanding semipolar GaN substrates. The reflectivity spectra of the DBRs are compared before and after the Ag deposition and with that of a blanket Ag layer deposited on GaN. The results indicate presence of a TP mode at ~ 455 nm on the structure after the Ag deposition. An active medium can also be accommodated within the mod…
We show how the recently found quasi-bound state in the continuum optical states in dielectric antennae can be utilized to engineer pillar microcavities design with the substantially optimized quality factor to mode volume ratio.
It is shown that cavities formed between a multilayer quarter-wave Bragg reflector and a metal mirror which support Tamm plasmons can be modelled by using a hard-mirror approximation including appropriate penetration depths into the mirrors. Results from this model are in excellent agreement with those found by numerical methods. In addition Tamm modes that are laterally confined by the presence of a metallic disc deposited on the Bragg reflector can be described by the effective index model that is commonly used for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). This enables the lateral mo…
Boosting the quality factor of Tamm structures to millions by quantum inspired classical annealer with factorization machine
本文提出量子启发经典退火器结合因子分解机的方法，用于设计非周期光子布拉格反射器，成功将Tamm结构的品质因子提升至百万量级，并在40位大规模搜索空间中展现出优于或媲美现有方法的优化效率。
A Bragg resonator uses dielectric plates within a metallic cavity to confine the energy within a central free space region. The importance of the permittivity is shown with a better Q-factor possible using higher permittivity materials of larger intrinsic dielectric losses. This is because the electric energy in the reflectors decreases proportionally to the square root of permittivity and the coupling to the metallic losses decrease linearly. In a sapphire resonator with a single reflector pair a Q-factor of 2.34x10^5 is obtained, which may be improved on by up to a factor of 2 using higher p…
Enhanced Light Extraction and Beam Focusing in GaN LEDs Using Hybrid Metasurface-Distributed Bragg Reflector Structures
本研究提出集成DBR与TiO2超表面的GaN LED混合结构，通过参数仿真优化实现25.67%光提取效率和5.7度窄发散角，显著提升器件性能。
Integrated microcavity optomechanics with a suspended photonic crystal mirror above a distributed Bragg reflector
本研究在芯片上集成亚波长自由空间光机微腔，利用悬浮GaAs光子晶体镜与分布式布拉格反射器增强光机相互作用，并通过参数调控实现精确共振控制及更强动态背向作用。
A series of thin layers of alternating refractive index is known to make a good optical mirror over certain bands of frequency. Such a device - often termed the Bragg reflector - is usually introduced to students within the first years of an undergraduate degree, often in isolation from other parts of the course. Here we show that the basic physics of wave propagation through a stratified medium can be used to illustrate some more modern developments in optics as well as quantum physics; from transfer matrix techniques, to the optical properties of cold trapped atoms, optomechanical cooling, a…
The photonic band dispersion and density of states (DOS) are calculated for the three-dimensional (3D) hexagonal structure corresponding to a distributed Bragg reflector patterned with a 2D triangular lattice of circular holes. Results for the Si/SiO$_2$ and GaAs/AlGaAs systems determine the optimal parameters for which a gap in the 2D plane occurs and overlaps the 1D gap of the multilayer. The DOS is considerably reduced in correspondence with the overlap of 2D and 1D gaps. Also, the local density of states (i.e., the DOS weighted with the squared electric field at a given point) has strong v…
We report on the efficacy of a novel design for dielectric laser accelerators by adding a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) to a dual pillar grating accelerating structure. This mimics a double-sided laser illumination, resulting in an enhanced longitudinal electric field while reducing the deflecting transverse effects, when compared to single-sided illumination. We improve the coupling efficiency of the incident electric field into the accelerating mode by 57 percent. The 12 $μ$m long structures accelerate sub-relativistic 28 keV electrons with gradients of up to 200 MeV/m in theory and 133 …
Epitaxial lattice-matched Al$_{0.89}$Sc$_{0.11}$N/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors
本文利用 PA-MBE 制备晶格匹配 Al$_{0.89}$Sc$_{0.11}$N/GaN DBR，在 400 nm 处以二十周期实现 0.98 反射率，并凭借高折射率差减少所需周期数。
We demonstrate a combination of optical and electronic feedback that significantly narrows the linewidth of distributed Bragg reflector lasers (DBRs). We use optical feedback from a long external fiber path to reduce the high-frequency noise of the laser. An electro-optic modulator placed inside the optical feedback path allows us to apply electronic feedback to the laser frequency with very large bandwidth, enabling robust and stable locking to a reference cavity that suppresses low-frequency components of laser noise. The combination of optical and electronic feedback allows us to significan…
Distributed bragg reflectors (DBRs) consisting of ZnO and amorphous silicon (a-Si) were prepared by magnetron sputtering method for selective light trapping. The quarter-wavelength ZnO/a-Si DBRs with only 6 periods exhibit a peak reflectance of above 99% and have a full width at half maximum that is greater than 347 nm in the range of visible to infrared. The 6-pair reversed quarter-wavelength ZnO/a-Si DBRs also have a peak reflectance of 98%. Combination of the two ZnO/a-Si DBRs leads to a broader stopband from 686 nm to 1354 nm. Using the ZnO/a-Si DBRs as the rear reflector of a-Si thin film…
Thermal Shrinkage-Induced Modifications in Photonic Band Gaps of Two-Photon Polymerized Bragg Reflectors
本研究通过热收缩双光子聚合布拉格反射器，实现了光子带隙的蓝移，展示了在近红外-可见光区域的光子带隙调控方法。
Neon tetra fish (Paracheirodon innesi) as farm-to-optical-table Bragg reflectors
本文研究了利用霓虹脂鲤皮肤虹彩细胞网络作为可调谐Bragg反射器阵列，提出组织快速后处理方法改变结构颜色，并探索固定条件与包埋技术以提升其颜色寿命。
There are two main physical properties needed to fabricate 1D photonic structures and form perfect photonic bandgaps: the quality of the thickness periodicity and the refractive index of their components. Porous silicon (PS) is a nano-structured material widely used to prepare 1D photonic crystals due to the ease of tuning its porosity and its refractive index by changing the fabrication conditions. Since the morphology of PS changes with porosity, the determination of PS's refractive index is no easy task. To find the optical properties of PS we can use different effective medium approximatio…
A hybrid computational method of plane-wave and cylindrical-wave expansions for distributed Bragg-reflector (DBR) pillars is proposed. The plane-wave expansion is employed to represent the one-dimensional periodic structure of the DBR. The cylindrical-wave expansion is employed to describe the scattering by circular pillars with the DBR structure inside. This formalism enables us to calculate the radiation fields, $t$-matrices, scattering cross sections, photonic band structures, and quality factors of the DBR pillars. Furthermore, optical properties of arrayed DBR pillars are also investigate…
MoS2-based optical bistability in silver-Bragg reflector multilayer structure at visible light band
针对可见光波段光学双稳态需求，本文理论分析了嵌入双层MoS₂的银-布拉格反射器结构，利用MoS₂非线性电导率与光学塔姆态实现OB，可通过波长等参数调控其性能，为低阈值OB提供参考。
Electromagnetic resonators, which are based on optical cavities or electronic circuits, are key elements to enhance and control light-matter interaction. In the THz range, current optical cavities exhibit very high-quality factors with $(λ/2)^3$ mode volumes limited by diffraction, whereas resonant electronic circuits show low quality factor but provide strong subwavelength effective volume ($10^{-6} λ^3$). To overcome the limitations of each type of resonator, great efforts are being devoted to improving the performances of current methods or to the emergence of original approaches. Here, we …
Experimental Demonstration of Plasmon-Enabled Monolithic Bragg Reflectors for Infrared Light via Inverse Design
本研究通过反向设计优化，提出基于单片InP的等离子体增强布拉格反射器，实现中红外波段接近100%的高反射率，为高效等离子体镜提供可扩展平台。
We propose and analyze a new type of a resonator in an annular geometry which is based on a single defect surrounded by radial Bragg reflectors on both sides. We show that the conditions for efficient mode confinement are different from those of the conventional Bragg waveguiding in a rectangular geometry. A simple and intuitive approach to the design of optimal radial Bragg reflectors is proposed and employed, yielding chirped gratings. Small bending radii and strong control over the resonator dispersion are possible by the Bragg confinement. A design compromise between large Free Spectral Ra…
Effects of surface roughness and top layer thickness on the performance of Fabry-Perot cavities and responsive open resonators based on distributed Bragg reflectors
本文系统分析了表面粗糙度和顶层厚度变化对基于分布式布拉格反射器的法布里-珀罗腔及开放谐振器性能的影响，揭示纳米级粗糙度会显著降低品质因子并限制其最大可达到值，并通过纳米声学传感器案例强调了在材料生长和器件制造中控制粗糙度的关键意义。
With transfer matrix theory, we study the transmission of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with two dielectric gratings on top and on the bottom. Owing to the diffraction of the two gratings, the transmission shows a comb-like spectrum which red shifts with increasing the grating period during the forbidden band of the DBR. The number density of the comb peaks increases with increasing the number of the DBR cells, while the ratio of the average full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the transmission peaks in the transmission comb to the corresponding average free spectral range, being about 0…
Frozen Mode Regime in an Optical Waveguide With Distributed Bragg Reflector
本文提出一种具有滑移对称性的光波导，利用啁啾分布式布拉格反射器和分布式耦合形成三阶简并异常点SIP，实现群速度为零的冻结模式，并证明其品质因数和群延迟随腔长三次方增长，可用于光放大、延迟线、传感器和调制器。
Adiabatic following has been an widely-employed technique for achieving near-complete population transfer in a two-level quantum mechanical system. The theoretical basis, however, could be generalized to a broad class of systems exhibiting SU(2) symmetry. In the present work, we present an analogy of population transfer dynamics of two level system with that of light propagation in a classical one-dimensional photonic crystal, commonly known as distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR).This formalism facilitates in adapting the idea of adiabatic following, more precisely the rapid adiabatic passage (R…
Machine-learning surrogate model for one-dimensional GaAs/Al$_{0.3}$Ga$_{0.7}$As distributed Bragg reflector spectra
提出高斯过程代理模型，通过主成分分析降维和拉丁超立方采样，实现一维DBR反射谱的快速预测，速度提升约70倍。
We demonstrate an amplitude-based micro-displacement sensor that uses a plastic photonic bandgap Bragg fiber with one end coated with a silver layer. The reflection intensity of the Bragg fiber is characterized in response to different displacements (or bending curvatures). We note that the Bragg reflector of the fiber acts as an efficient mode stripper for the wavelengths near the edge of the fiber bandgap, which makes the sensor extremely sensitive to bending or displacements at these wavelengths. Besides, by comparison of the Bragg fiber sensor to a sensor based on a regular multimode fiber…
Adiabatic following has been an widely-employed technique for achieving near-complete population transfer in a `two-level' quantum mechanical system. The theoretical basis, however, could be generalized to a broad class of systems exhibiting SU(2) symmetry. In the present work, we present an analogy of population transfer dynamics of two level atomic system with that of light propagation in a classical `one-dimensional' photonic crystal, commonly known as distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR). This formalism facilitates in adapting the idea of adiabatic following, more precisely the rapid adiabati…
Tamm plasmon provides a new avenue in plasmonics of interface states in planar multilayer structures due to its strong light matter interaction. This article reviews the research and development in Tamm plasmon polariton excited at the interface of a metal and a distributed Bragg reflector. Tamm plasmon offers an easy planar solution compared to patterned surface plasmon devices with huge field enhancement at the interface and does not require of any phase matching method for its excitation. The ease of depositing multilayer thin film stacks, direct optical excitation, and high-Q modes make Ta…
High-resolution bandpass x-ray imaging with crystal reflectors: overcoming geometric aberrations
本文研究了高分辨率X射线成像中晶体反射器的几何像差问题，通过二次项展开推导出限制孔径形式，并通过射线追踪模拟验证了椭球形晶体在高放大率下的成像优势。
Nanoring Tamm Cavity in the Telecommunications O band
本文提出一种纳米环Tamm结构，通过减少金属层吸收提高发射效率，优化用于光通信O波段，输出效率提升至35%。
Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBR) are well-established photonic structures that are used in many photonic applications. However, most of the DBRs are based on different materials or require post-process etching which can hinder integration with other components in the final photonic structure. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of DBR structures consisting only of undoped boron nitride (BN) layers with high refractive index contrast by using Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). This has been achieved in a single process, without the need for any post-process etching. The differe…
We report a versatile and cost-effective way of controlling the unsaturated loss, modulation depth and saturation fluence of graphene-based saturable absorbers (GSAs), by changing the thickness of a spacer between SLG and a high-reflection mirror. This allows us to modulate the electric field intensity enhancement at the GSA from 0 up to 400%, due to the interference of incident and reflected light at the mirror. The unsaturated loss of the SLG-mirror-assembly can be reduced to$\sim$0. We use this to mode-lock a VECSEL from 935 to 981nm. This approach can be applied to integrate SLG into vario…
Complex optical systems such as high-quality microcavities enabled by advanced lithography and processing techniques paved the way to various light-matter interactions (LMI) studies. Without lattice-matching constraints in epitaxy, coating techniques or shaky open cavity constructions, sub-micrometer-precise lithographic development of a polymer photoresist paves the way to polymer microcavity structures for various spectral regions based on the material's transparency and the geometrical sizes. We introduce a new approach based on 3D nanowriting in photoresist, which can be employed to achiev…
The enhanced photonic spin hall effect (PSHE) plays a positive role in the flexible manipulation of photons. Here, by combining Dirac semimetals with Bragg reflector constructed by one-dimensional photonic crystal, we theoretically design a simple multilayer structure to enhance and manipulate the PSHE. Through the detailed and optimal design of the conductivity characteristics of Dirac semimetals and the structural parameters of the whole model, we realize the excitation of Optical Tamm states (OTSs) in the multilayer structure, so that the PSHE can be enhanced and controllable. The theoretic…
We report the realization of a two--dimensional optical microscope for surface plasmons polaritons (SPPs) based on parabolic Bragg mirrors. These mirrors are built from lithographically fabricated gold nanostructures on gold thin films. We show by direct imaging by leakage radiation microscopy that the magnification power of the SPP microscope follows basic predictions of geometrical optics. Spatial resolution down to the value set by the diffraction limit is demonstrated.
Development of High-Quality Polymer/Air-Bragg Micromirror Structures for Nanophotonic Applications
本文开发了基于双光子聚合的聚合物/空气布拉格微镜，实现快速原型、宽波段兼容，反射率近99%，支持混合纳米光子器件。
Low-threshold lasing of optically pumped micropillar lasers with Al$_{0.2}$Ga$_{0.8}$As/Al$_{0.9}$Ga$_{0.1}$As distributed Bragg reflectors
本文设计并制备含20% Al的低吸收DBRs光泵浦量子点微柱激光器，利用700–820 nm透明泵浦窗口将阈值从363.5 μW降至12.8 μW。
Tamm Plasmon Resonance Responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like Particles
Tamm等离子体结构通过位移角检测对SARS-CoV-2病毒类颗粒的构象敏感响应，实现无标记病毒检测。
It is widely accepted that Bragg reflection from linearly chirped Bragg gratings (LCBGs) can compensate for a chromatic dispersion by reflecting different wavelengths at different location along the axis of the gratings for ultra-short pulses. In this paper, we studied the possibility of making use of such a dispersion-compensating property to construct a white light cavity (WLC). A pair of LCBGs is suggested as the reflectors of the cavity. The analytical and numerical analysis shows that the reflection by a LCBG does not solely occur at the position where Bragg condition is reached. The accu…
Tamm Plasmon Resonance as Optical Fingerprint of Silver/Bacteria Interaction
本研究发现分布式布拉格反射器上纳米结构银层的塔姆等离子体共振对细菌存在敏感，揭示其响应机制与细菌介导的银离子去除相关，还实现了增殖与非增殖细菌的光学区分，为细菌代谢活性检测提供了新型全光探针。
Polymer compounds from titania-doped polyethylene are fabricated and their linear optical properties characterized by THz-TDS. We show that high concentration of dopants not only enhances the refractive index of the composite material, but also can dramatically raise its absorption coefficient. We demonstrate that the design of Bragg reflectors based on lossy composite polymers depends on finding a compromise between index contrast and corresponding losses. A small absorption value is also shown to be favorable, compared to an ideal lossless reflector, as it enables to smooth the transmission …
We demonstrate a new approach to integrate single layer MoSeR2R and WSeR2R flakes into monolithic all-dielectric planar high-quality micro-cavities. These distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) cavities may e.g. be tuned to match the exciton resonance of the 2D-materials. They are highly robust and compatible with cryogenic and room-temperature operation. The integration is achieved by a customized ion-assisted physical vapor deposition technique, which does not degrade the optical properties of the 2D-materials. The monolithic 2D resonator is shown to have a high Q-factor in excess of 4500. We use…
Nanowires (NWs) with a unique one-dimensional structure can monolithically integrate high-quality III-V semiconductors onto Si platform, which is highly promising to build lasers for Si photonics. However, the lasing from vertically-standing NWs on silicon is much more difficult to achieve compared with NWs broken off from substrates, causing significant challenges in the integration. Here, the challenge of achieving vertically-standing NW lasers is systematically analyzed. The poor optical reflectivity at the NW/Si interface results severe optical field leakage to the substrate, and the commo…
Enhancement of the Third Harmonic Generation Efficiency of ITO nanolayers coupled to Tamm Plasmon Polaritons
研究通过将 ITO 纳米层与 Tamm 等离子体极化激元耦合，利用 TPP 共振实现电磁场亚波长限制，使三次谐波生成响应较孤立 ITO 纳米层增强 8 倍，为非线性光学过程提供高效通用平台。
Sub-wavelength dielectric gratings (SWG) have emerged recently as a promising alternative to distributed-Bragg-reflection (DBR) dielectric stacks for broadband, high-reflectivity filtering applications. A SWG structure composed of a single dielectric layer with the appropriate patterning can sometimes perform as well as thirty or forty dielectric DBR layers, while providing new functionalities such as polarization control and near-field amplification. In this paper, we introduce a remarkable property of grating mirrors that cannot be realized by their DBR counterpart: we show that a non-period…
A new platform for fabricating polariton lasers operating at room temperature is introduced: nitride-based distributed Bragg reflectors epitaxially grown on patterned silicon substrates. The patterning allows for an enhanced strain relaxation thereby enabling to stack a large number of crack-free AlN/AlGaN pairs and achieve cavity quality factors of several thousands with a large spatial homogeneity. GaN and ZnO active regions are epitaxially grown thereon and the cavities are completed with top dielectric Bragg reflectors. The two structures display strong-coupling and polariton lasing at roo…
In this paper, forward and backward propagating waves and reflectivity in an optical waveguide structure namely the fiber Bragg reflector also considered as a one dimensional photonic crystal, are analytically computed using coupled mode theory for different grating lengths and coupling conditions. AlxGa1-xN/GaN material composition is considered as unit block of the periodic organization, and refractive index of AlxGa1-xN is taken to be dependent on material composition, bandgap and operating wavelength following Adachis' model. The structure being considered is the Bragg grating where increa…
The origin and influence of non-cavity modes in a micropillar Bragg microcavity
研究微柱布拉格微腔中非腔模式的起源及其对光子收集效率和普尔塞尔增强的影响
We experimentally demonstrate an optically-pumped III-V/Si vertical-cavity laser with lateral emission into a silicon waveguide. This on-chip hybrid laser comprises a distributed Bragg reflector, a III-V active layer, and a high-contrast grating reflector, which simultaneously funnels light into the waveguide integrated with the laser. This laser has the advantages of long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, such as low threshold and high side-mode suppression ratio, while allowing integration with silicon photonic circuits, and is fabricated using CMOS-compatible processes. It…
We report the experimental realization of an elliptical Bragg reflector acting as an interferometer for propagating surface plasmon sSPd waves. We investigate SP interferometry in this device using a leakage radiation microscope and we compare our observations with a theoretical model for SP propagation. Strong SP focalization as a function of laser polarization orientation is observed and justified.
Fabrication-Aware Design of a Hybrid Metasurface-Bragg Mirror for Low-Noise Precision Optics
该研究提出一种混合超表面-布拉格镜设计，结合多种结构并考虑加工效应，实现高反射率、低非反射功率与低热噪声，适配精密光学及引力波测试台需求。
Demonstration and Design of Uni-Directional and Ultra-Low Threshold Hybrid Quantum Dot III-V/Si Micro-Ring Laser
研究通过在混合量子点III-V/Si微环激光器的总线波导上集成无源反射反馈实现稳定单向发射，用三种反射器架构与无反射双向基线对比，设计保持超低阈值并提升性能，为DWDM光互连提供实用途径。
High power GaSb-based distributed feedback laser with laterally coupled dielectric gratings at 1.95μm
针对传统GaSb基DFB/DBR激光器掩埋光栅需再生长、金属光栅损耗高的问题，提出新型横向耦合介质布拉格光栅结构，实现室温47.02 mW连续波输出、宽电流范围稳定单模及46.7 dB边模抑制比，为多材料多波段激光器制备提供更优方案。
The combination of grating-based frequency-selective optical feedback mechanisms, such as distributed feedback (DFB) or distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structures, with quantum dot (QD) gain materials is a main approach towards ultra-high-performance semiconductor lasers for many key novel applications, either as stand-alone sources or as on-chip sources in photonic integrated circuits. However, the fabrication of conventional buried Bragg grating structures on GaAs, GaAs/Si, GaSb and other material platforms have been met with major material regrowth difficulties. We report a novel and univ…
Dispersion engineered AlGaAs-on-insulator nanophotonics by distributed feedback
本文提出一种基于分布式布拉格反射镜的绝缘体上AlGaAs线性谐振器，通过形状约束逆向设计定制色散分布，实验与模拟高度一致，为集成光路色散工程提供高效通用方案。
High-Stress Si3N4 Reflective Membranes Monolithically Integrated with Cavity Bragg Mirrors
本研究提出了一种高应力Si3N4反射膜与腔体布拉格镜单片集成方法，实现了高Q因子的光力学器件，适用于精密传感和量子光子学。
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