Edge-Enhanced Graph Convolution Networks for Event Detection with Syntactic Relation
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
Event detection (ED), a key subtask of information extraction, aims to recognize instances of specific event types in text. Previous studies on the task have verified the effectiveness of integrating syntactic dependency into graph convolutional networks. However, these methods usually ignore dependency label information, which conveys rich and useful linguistic knowledge for ED. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture named Edge-Enhanced Graph Convolution Networks (EE-GCN), which simultaneously exploits syntactic structure and typed dependency label information to perform ED. Specifically, an edge-aware node update module is designed to generate expressive word representations by aggregating syntactically-connected words through specific dependency types. Furthermore, to fully explore clues hidden in dependency edges, a node-aware edge update module is introduced, which refines the relation representations with contextual information. These two modules are complementary to each other and work in a mutual promotion way. We conduct experiments on the widely used ACE2005 dataset and the results show significant improvement over competitive baseline methods.
Allen Institute for AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）；Bar Ilan University（巴伊兰大学）
Syntactic dependencies can be predicted with high accuracy, and are useful for both machine-learned and pattern-based information extraction tasks. However, their utility can be improved. These syntactic dependencies are designed to accurately reflect syntactic relations, and they do not make semantic relations explicit. Therefore, these representations lack many explicit connections between content words, that would be useful for downstream applications. Proposals like English Enhanced UD improve the situation by extending universal dependency trees with additional explicit arcs. However, the…
Existing methods in relation extraction have leveraged the lexical features in the word sequence and the syntactic features in the parse tree. Though effective, the lexical features extracted from the successive word sequence may introduce some noise that has little or no meaningful content. Meanwhile, the syntactic features are usually encoded via graph convolutional networks which have restricted receptive field. To address the above limitations, we propose a multi-scale feature and metric learning framework for relation extraction. Specifically, we first develop a multi-scale convolutional …
Faculty of Computer Engineering, University of Isfahan（伊斯法罕大学计算机工程学院）
Over the past few years, question answering and information retrieval systems have become widely used. These systems attempt to find the answer of the asked questions from raw text sources. A component of these systems is Answer Selection which selects the most relevant from candidate answers. Syntactic similarities were mostly used to compute the similarity, but in recent works, deep neural networks have been used, making a significant improvement in this field. In this research, a model is proposed to select the most relevant answers to the factoid question from the candidate answers. The pr…
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）；Microsoft Search Technology Center Asia（微软亚洲搜索技术中心）
We study the problem of leveraging the syntactic structure of text to enhance pre-trained models such as BERT and RoBERTa. Existing methods utilize syntax of text either in the pre-training stage or in the fine-tuning stage, so that they suffer from discrepancy between the two stages. Such a problem would lead to the necessity of having human-annotated syntactic information, which limits the application of existing methods to broader scenarios. To address this, we present a model that utilizes the syntax of text in both pre-training and fine-tuning stages. Our model is based on Transformer wit…
Chinese is a logographic writing system, and the shape of Chinese characters contain rich syntactic and semantic information. In this paper, we propose a model to learn Chinese word embeddings via three-level composition: (1) a convolutional neural network to extract the intra-character compositionality from the visual shape of a character; (2) a recurrent neural network with self-attention to compose character representation into word embeddings; (3) the Skip-Gram framework to capture non-compositionality directly from the contextual information. Evaluations demonstrate the superior performan…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Beijing Kedong Electric Control System Co. Ltd.（北京科东电力控制系统有限责任公司）
Document-level relation extraction with graph neural networks faces a fundamental graph construction gap between training and inference - the golden graph structure only available during training, which causes that most methods adopt heuristic or syntactic rules to construct a prior graph as a pseudo proxy. In this paper, we propose $\textbf{ConstGCN}$, a novel graph convolutional network which performs knowledge-based information propagation between entities along with all specific relation spaces without any prior graph construction. Specifically, it updates the entity representation by aggr…
Long text brings a big challenge to semantic matching due to their complicated semantic and syntactic structures. To tackle the challenge, we consider using prior knowledge to help identify useful information and filter out noise to matching in long text. To this end, we propose a knowledge enhanced hybrid neural network (KEHNN). The model fuses prior knowledge into word representations by knowledge gates and establishes three matching channels with words, sequential structures of sentences given by Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and knowledge enhanced representations. The three channels are pro…
Shanghai University of Finance and Economics（上海财经大学）
With the rapid development of information technology, online platforms (e.g., news portals and social media) generate enormous web information every moment. Therefore, it is crucial to extract structured representations of events from social streams. Generally, existing event extraction research utilizes pattern matching, machine learning, or deep learning methods to perform event extraction tasks. However, the performance of Chinese event extraction is not as good as English due to the unique characteristics of the Chinese language. In this paper, we propose an integrated framework to perform…
Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）；University of Padua（帕多瓦大学）
Due to their inherent capability in semantic alignment of aspects and their context words, attention mechanism and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely applied for aspect-based sentiment classification. However, these models lack a mechanism to account for relevant syntactical constraints and long-range word dependencies, and hence may mistakenly recognize syntactically irrelevant contextual words as clues for judging aspect sentiment. To tackle this problem, we propose to build a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) over the dependency tree of a sentence to exploit syntactical informa…
University of Oregon（俄勒冈大学）；VinAI Research（越南人工智能研究院）
Recent studies on event detection (ED) haveshown that the syntactic dependency graph canbe employed in graph convolution neural net-works (GCN) to achieve state-of-the-art per-formance. However, the computation of thehidden vectors in such graph-based models isagnostic to the trigger candidate words, po-tentially leaving irrelevant information for thetrigger candidate for event prediction. In addi-tion, the current models for ED fail to exploitthe overall contextual importance scores of thewords, which can be obtained via the depen-dency tree, to boost the performance. In thisstudy, we propose…
National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System（国家大数据技术与系统工程研究中心）；Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）；University of Montreal（蒙特利尔大学）；Mila（米拉人工智能研究所）
Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction (ASTE) aims to extract triplets from sentences, where each triplet includes an entity, its associated sentiment, and the opinion span explaining the reason for the sentiment. Most existing research addresses this problem in a multi-stage pipeline manner, which neglects the mutual information between such three elements and has the problem of error propagation. In this paper, we propose a Semantic and Syntactic Enhanced aspect Sentiment triplet Extraction model (S3E2) to fully exploit the syntactic and semantic relationships between the triplet elements and j…
University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）
We present a simple and effective approach to incorporating syntactic structure into neural attention-based encoder-decoder models for machine translation. We rely on graph-convolutional networks (GCNs), a recent class of neural networks developed for modeling graph-structured data. Our GCNs use predicted syntactic dependency trees of source sentences to produce representations of words (i.e. hidden states of the encoder) that are sensitive to their syntactic neighborhoods. GCNs take word representations as input and produce word representations as output, so they can easily be incorporated as…
Toyota Technological Institute（丰田工业大学）；Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)（产业技术综合研究所人工智能研究中心）
Inter-sentence relation extraction deals with a number of complex semantic relationships in documents, which require local, non-local, syntactic and semantic dependencies. Existing methods do not fully exploit such dependencies. We present a novel inter-sentence relation extraction model that builds a labelled edge graph convolutional neural network model on a document-level graph. The graph is constructed using various inter- and intra-sentence dependencies to capture local and non-local dependency information. In order to predict the relation of an entity pair, we utilise multi-instance lear…
Event Extraction plays an important role in information-extraction to understand the world. Event extraction could be split into two subtasks: one is event trigger extraction, the other is event arguments extraction. However, the F-Score of event arguments extraction is much lower than that of event trigger extraction, i.e. in the most recent work, event trigger extraction achieves 80.7%, while event arguments extraction achieves only 58%. In pipelined structures, the difficulty of event arguments extraction lies in its lack of classification feature, and the much higher computation consumptio…
We study the problem of integrating syntactic information from constituency trees into a neural model in Frame-semantic parsing sub-tasks, namely Target Identification (TI), FrameIdentification (FI), and Semantic Role Labeling (SRL). We use a Graph Convolutional Network to learn specific representations of constituents, such that each constituent is profiled as the production grammar rule it corresponds to. We leverage these representations to build syntactic features for each word in a sentence, computed as the sum of all the constituents on the path between a word and a task-specific node in…
University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）；University of Padova（帕多瓦大学）；École de technologie supérieure（高等技术学院）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；Queensland University of Technology（昆士兰科技大学）
In this paper, we propose a novel lightweight relation extraction approach of structural block driven - convolutional neural learning. Specifically, we detect the essential sequential tokens associated with entities through dependency analysis, named as a structural block, and only encode the block on a block-wise and an inter-block-wise representation, utilizing multi-scale CNNs. This is to 1) eliminate the noisy from irrelevant part of a sentence; meanwhile 2) enhance the relevant block representation with both block-wise and inter-block-wise semantically enriched representation. Our method …
As a fundamental NLP task, semantic role labeling (SRL) aims to discover the semantic roles for each predicate within one sentence. This paper investigates how to incorporate syntactic knowledge into the SRL task effectively. We present different approaches of encoding the syntactic information derived from dependency trees of different quality and representations; we propose a syntax-enhanced self-attention model and compare it with other two strong baseline methods; and we conduct experiments with newly published deep contextualized word representations as well. The experiment results demons…
Document date is essential for many important tasks, such as document retrieval, summarization, event detection, etc. While existing approaches for these tasks assume accurate knowledge of the document date, this is not always available, especially for arbitrary documents from the Web. Document Dating is a challenging problem which requires inference over the temporal structure of the document. Prior document dating systems have largely relied on handcrafted features while ignoring such document internal structures. In this paper, we propose NeuralDater, a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) bas…
DiDi Chuxing（滴滴出行）；DiDi Research America（美国滴滴研究院）；Peking University（北京大学）
Abstractive text summarization is a challenging task, and one need to design a mechanism to effectively extract salient information from the source text and then generate a summary. A parsing process of the source text contains critical syntactic or semantic structures, which is useful to generate more accurate summary. However, modeling a parsing tree for text summarization is not trivial due to its non-linear structure and it is harder to deal with a document that includes multiple sentences and their parsing trees. In this paper, we propose to use a graph to connect the parsing trees from t…
Large Language Models Enhanced by Plug and Play Syntactic Knowledge for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；China Resources Digital Technology（中国资源数字技术）；People’s Daily Online（人民日报在线）；Sichuan University（四川大学）
Indian Institute of Science（印度科学学院）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）；IIT Kanpur（印度理工学院坎普尔分校）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）
Word embeddings have been widely adopted across several NLP applications. Most existing word embedding methods utilize sequential context of a word to learn its embedding. While there have been some attempts at utilizing syntactic context of a word, such methods result in an explosion of the vocabulary size. In this paper, we overcome this problem by proposing SynGCN, a flexible Graph Convolution based method for learning word embeddings. SynGCN utilizes the dependency context of a word without increasing the vocabulary size. Word embeddings learned by SynGCN outperform existing methods on var…
University of Oregon（俄勒冈大学）；Adobe Research（奥多比研究院）；VinAI Research（VinAI研究院）
Definition Extraction (DE) is one of the well-known topics in Information Extraction that aims to identify terms and their corresponding definitions in unstructured texts. This task can be formalized either as a sentence classification task (i.e., containing term-definition pairs or not) or a sequential labeling task (i.e., identifying the boundaries of the terms and definitions). The previous works for DE have only focused on one of the two approaches, failing to model the inter-dependencies between the two tasks. In this work, we propose a novel model for DE that simultaneously performs the …
Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学第一附属医院）
Constructing large-scaled medical knowledge graphs can significantly boost healthcare applications for medical surveillance, bring much attention from recent research. An essential step in constructing large-scale MKG is extracting information from medical reports. Recently, information extraction techniques have been proposed and show promising performance in biomedical information extraction. However, these methods only consider limited types of entity and relation due to the noisy biomedical text data with complex entity correlations. Thus, they fail to provide enough information for constr…
University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）
Semantic role labeling (SRL) is the task of identifying the predicate-argument structure of a sentence. It is typically regarded as an important step in the standard NLP pipeline. As the semantic representations are closely related to syntactic ones, we exploit syntactic information in our model. We propose a version of graph convolutional networks (GCNs), a recent class of neural networks operating on graphs, suited to model syntactic dependency graphs. GCNs over syntactic dependency trees are used as sentence encoders, producing latent feature representations of words in a sentence. We obser…
School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学网络空间科学与技术学院）；University of Shantou（汕头大学）；China Academic of Electronics and Information Technology（中国电子科技集团公司电子科学研究院）；Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univerisity（石家庄铁道大学）；Guizhou University（贵州大学）；Guangxi Normal University（广西师范大学）；Kunming University of Science and Technology（昆明理工大学）；Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University（北京航空航天大学杭州创新研究院）
Semantic role labeling (SRL) aims at elaborating the meaning of a sentence by forming a predicate-argument structure. Recent researches depicted that the effective use of syntax can improve SRL performance. However, syntax is a complicated linguistic clue and is hard to be effectively applied in a downstream task like SRL. This work effectively encodes syntax using adaptive convolution which endows strong flexibility to existing convolutional networks. The existing CNNs may help in encoding a complicated structure like syntax for SRL, but it still has shortcomings. Contrary to traditional conv…
University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）
Gender bias has been found in existing coreference resolvers. In order to eliminate gender bias, a gender-balanced dataset Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns (GAP) has been released and the best baseline model achieves only 66.9% F1. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) has broken several NLP task records and can be used on GAP dataset. However, fine-tune BERT on a specific task is computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end resolver by combining pre-trained BERT with Relational Graph Convolutional Network (R-GCN). R-GCN is used for digesting structura…
Beijing Jiaotong University（北京交通大学）；Pattern Recognition Center, WeChat AI, Tencent Inc（腾讯公司微信人工智能模式识别中心）
The aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) task remains to be a long-standing challenge, which aims to extract the aspect term and then identify its sentiment orientation.In previous approaches, the explicit syntactic structure of a sentence, which reflects the syntax properties of natural language and hence is intuitively crucial for aspect term extraction and sentiment recognition, is typically neglected or insufficiently modeled. In this paper, we thus propose a novel dependency syntactic knowledge augmented interactive architecture with multi-task learning for end-to-end ABSA. This model i…
Key Laboratory of Computational Linguistics, Peking University, MOE, China（北京大学计算语言学重点实验室（教育部））；Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Ability, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China（语言能力协同创新中心（江苏徐州））；Peking University（北京大学）
Identifying implicit discourse relations between text spans is a challenging task because it requires understanding the meaning of the text. To tackle this task, recent studies have tried several deep learning methods but few of them exploited the syntactic information. In this work, we explore the idea of incorporating syntactic parse tree into neural networks. Specifically, we employ the Tree-LSTM model and Tree-GRU model, which are based on the tree structure, to encode the arguments in a relation. Moreover, we further leverage the constituent tags to control the semantic composition proces…
Triple GNNs: Introducing Syntactic and Semantic Information for Conversational Aspect-Based Quadruple Sentiment Analysis
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）；The National Computer Network Emergency Response Technical Team/Coordination Center of China（国家计算机网络应急技术处理协调中心）
Writing style is a combination of consistent decisions at different levels of language production including lexical, syntactic, and structural associated to a specific author (or author groups). While lexical-based models have been widely explored in style-based text classification, relying on content makes the model less scalable when dealing with heterogeneous data comprised of various topics. On the other hand, syntactic models which are content-independent, are more robust against topic variance. In this paper, we introduce a syntactic recurrent neural network to encode the syntactic patte…
Amazon（亚马逊）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）
Semantic role labeling (SRL) is the task of identifying predicates and labeling argument spans with semantic roles. Even though most semantic-role formalisms are built upon constituent syntax and only syntactic constituents can be labeled as arguments (e.g., FrameNet and PropBank), all the recent work on syntax-aware SRL relies on dependency representations of syntax. In contrast, we show how graph convolutional networks (GCNs) can be used to encode constituent structures and inform an SRL system. Nodes in our SpanGCN correspond to constituents. The computation is done in 3 stages. First, init…
CrosGrpsABS: Cross-Attention over Syntactic and Semantic Graphs for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis in a Low-Resource Language
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology（孟加拉国商业技术大学计算机科学与工程系）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology（恰尔达姆工程与技术大学计算机科学与工程系）
Graph Neural Network Framework for Sentiment Analysis Using Syntactic Feature
Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；Southwest Jiaotong University（西南交通大学）；San Francisco State University（旧金山州立大学）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Trine University（特莱恩大学）
Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University（清华大学深圳国际研究生院）
Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) is a sentiment analysis task at fine-grained level. Recently, generative frameworks have attracted increasing attention in ABSA due to their ability to unify subtasks and their continuity to upstream pre-training tasks. However, these generative models suffer from the neighboring dependency problem that induces neighboring words to get higher attention. In this paper, we propose SynGen, a plug-and-play syntactic information aware module. As a plug-in module, our SynGen can be easily applied to any generative framework backbones. The key insight of our mod…
Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）；Zhejiang Lab（之江实验室）；University of Padua（帕多瓦大学）
It has been widely accepted that Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, coupled with attention mechanism and memory module, is useful for aspect-level sentiment classification. However, existing approaches largely rely on the modelling of semantic relatedness of an aspect with its context words, while to some extent ignore their syntactic dependencies within sentences. Consequently, this may lead to an undesirable result that the aspect attends on contextual words that are descriptive of other aspects. In this paper, we propose a proximity-weighted convolution network to offer an aspect-specif…
Institute of Computer Science & Technology, Peking University（北京大学计算机科学技术研究所）；IBM China Research Lab（IBM中国研究院）
Syntactic features play an essential role in identifying relationship in a sentence. Previous neural network models often suffer from irrelevant information introduced when subjects and objects are in a long distance. In this paper, we propose to learn more robust relation representations from the shortest dependency path through a convolution neural network. We further propose a straightforward negative sampling strategy to improve the assignment of subjects and objects. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on the SemEval-2010 Task 8 dataset.
Neural Machine Translation model is a sequence-to-sequence converter based on neural networks. Existing models use recurrent neural networks to construct both the encoder and decoder modules. In alternative research, the recurrent networks were substituted by convolutional neural networks for capturing the syntactic structure in the input sentence and decreasing the processing time. We incorporate the goodness of both approaches by proposing a convolutional-recurrent encoder for capturing the context information as well as the sequential information from the source sentence. Word embedding and…
The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）
Distributed word representations have been demonstrated to be effective in capturing semantic and syntactic regularities. Unsupervised representation learning from large unlabeled corpora can learn similar representations for those words that present similar co-occurrence statistics. Besides local occurrence statistics, global topical information is also important knowledge that may help discriminate a word from another. In this paper, we incorporate category information of documents in the learning of word representations and to learn the proposed models in a document-wise manner. Our models …
The fast-growing amount of information on the Internet makes the research in automatic document summarization very urgent. It is an effective solution for information overload. Many approaches have been proposed based on different strategies, such as latent semantic analysis (LSA). However, LSA, when applied to document summarization, has some limitations which diminish its performance. In this work, we try to overcome these limitations by applying statistic and linear algebraic approaches combined with syntactic and semantic processing of text. First, the part of speech tagger is utilized to …
In this work, we address the problem to model all the nodes (words or phrases) in a dependency tree with the dense representations. We propose a recursive convolutional neural network (RCNN) architecture to capture syntactic and compositional-semantic representations of phrases and words in a dependency tree. Different with the original recursive neural network, we introduce the convolution and pooling layers, which can model a variety of compositions by the feature maps and choose the most informative compositions by the pooling layers. Based on RCNN, we use a discriminative model to re-rank …
RDGCN: Reinforced Dependency Graph Convolutional Network for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）；School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学网络空间安全学院）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校计算机科学系）
Unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) readmission rate is an important metric for evaluating the quality of hospital care. Efficient and accurate prediction of ICU readmission risk can not only help prevent patients from inappropriate discharge and potential dangers, but also reduce associated costs of healthcare. In this paper, we propose a new method that uses medical text of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) for prediction, which provides an alternative perspective to previous studies that heavily depend on numerical and time-series features of patients. More specifically, we extract discharge…
OmniGraph, a novel representation to support a range of NLP classification tasks, integrates lexical items, syntactic dependencies and frame semantic parses into graphs. Feature engineering is folded into the learning through convolution graph kernel learning to explore different extents of the graph. A high-dimensional space of features includes individual nodes as well as complex subgraphs. In experiments on a text-forecasting problem that predicts stock price change from news for company mentions, OmniGraph beats several benchmarks based on bag-of-words, syntactic dependencies, and semantic…
ConvD: Attention Enhanced Dynamic Convolutional Embeddings for Knowledge Graph Completion
College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University（天津大学智能与计算学院）；Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application（认知计算与应用重点实验室）；School of Economics and Management, Ningxia University（宁夏大学经济管理学院）；School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学计算机科学与技术学院）
