The quasi-local notion of an isolated horizon is employed to study the entropy of black holes without any particular symmetry in loop quantum gravity. The idea of characterizing the shape of a horizon by a sequence of local areas is successfully applied in the scheme to calculate the entropy by the $SO(1,1)$ BF boundary theory matching loop quantum gravity in the bulk. The generating function for calculating the microscopical degrees of freedom of a given isolated horizon is obtained. Numerical computations of small black holes indicate a new entropy formula containing the quantum correction related to the partition of the horizon. Further evidence shows that, for a given horizon area, the entropy decreases as a black hole deviates from the spherically symmetric one, and the entropy formula is also well suitable for big black holes.
In this paper, we investigate the generalized covariant entropy bound in the theory where the Einstein gravity is perturbed by the higher-order Lovelock terms. After replacing the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy with the Jacobson-Myers entropy and introducing two reasonable physical assumptions, we showed that the corresponding generalized covariant entropy bound is satisfied under a higher-order approximation of the perturbation from the higher-order Lovelock terms. Our result implies that the Jacobson-Myers entropy strictly obeys the entropy bound under the perturbation level, and the generalized…
We study the entropy spectrum of (2+1) BTZ black holes in massive gravity models. We use the formalism proposed by Jiang and Han where black hole property of adiabaticity and the oscillating velocity of the black hole horizon are used to investigate the quantization of the entropy of such systems. We find that the entropy of the BTZ black holes in massive gravity is quantized with equally spaced spectra.
In this paper, we calculated the entropy of the BTZ black hole in the framework of loop quantum gravity. We got the result that the horizon degrees of freedom can be described by the 2D SO(1,1) punctured BF theory. Finally we got the area law for the entropy of BTZ black hole.
Penrose suggested that issues with the origin of the second law of thermodynamics and the remarkable homogeneous and isotropic nature of the universe on large scales can be resolved with a concept of an entropy for gravitational fields captured by the Weyl curvature tensor. This has led to various proposals for an entropy density for gravity constructed from the Weyl tensor. Most work investigating such entropy densities have been restricted to general relativity and little work has been done to them in modified theories of gravity. To remedy this, we investigate the simplest proposal for an e…
The entropy functional formalism allows one to recover general relativity, modified gravity theories, as well as the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula. In most approaches to quantum gravity, the Bekenstein-Hawking's entropy formula acquires a logarithmic correction term. As such terms occur almost universally in most approaches to quantum gravity, we analyze the effect of such terms on the entropy functional formalism. We demonstrate that the leading correction to the micro-canonical entropy in the entropy functional formalism can be used to recover modified theories of gravity already obtain…
Simple arguments related to the entropy of black holes strongly constrain the spectrum of the area operator for a Schwarzschild black hole in loop quantum gravity. In particular, this spectrum is fixed completely by the assumption that the black hole entropy is maximum. Within the approach discussed, one arrives in loop quantum gravity at a quantization rule with integer quantum numbers $n$ for the entropy and area of a black hole.
We present a comparison of the calculation of BTZ black hole entropy in loop quantum gravity and in spin foam models. We see that both give the same answer.
We calculate the black hole entropy in Loop Quantum Gravity as a function of the horizon area and provide the exact formula for the leading and sub-leading terms. By comparison with the Bekenstein-Hawking formula we uniquely fix the value of the 'quantum of area' in the theory.
For higher derivative theories of gravity, it is possible to write the action in terms of auxiliary fields. In such case, one can show that the equations of motion for both actions are equivalent and hence the actions themselves. In this paper we show that one can obtain the Wald's entropy from the equivalent action. We use this useful approach to localise a non-local gravitational action and calculate its associated entropy.
We propose the use of a gravitational uncertainty principle for gravitation. We define the corresponding gravitational Planck's constant and the gravitational quantum of mass. We define entropy in terms of the quantum of gravity with the property of having an extensive quality. The equivalent 2nd law of thermodynamics is derived, the entropy increasing linearly with cosmological time. These concepts are applied to the case of black holes, finding their entropy and discussing their radiation.
A short overview of black hole entropy in alternative gravitational theories is presented. Motivated by the recent attempts to explain the cosmic acceleration without dark energy, we focus on metric and Palatini f(R) gravity and on scalar-tensor theories.
In this paper we obtain the entropy of the Kerr black hole for a number of modified theories of gravity. We show that as long as the deviation from Einstein Hilbert term consists purely of terms involving scalar curvature and Ricci tensor, the entropy is solely given by the area law. However, the area law will be modified by appropriate corrections when we consider terms involving Riemann tensor explicitly.
For the BTZ black hole in the Einstein gravity, a statistical entropy has been calculated. It is equal to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. In this article, its statistical entropy in the higer curvature gravity is calculated and shown to be equal to one derived by using the Noether charge method. This suggests that the equivalence between the geometrical and statistical entropies of the black hole is retained in the general diffeomorphism invariant theories of gravity. A relation between the cosmic censorship conjecture and the unitarity of the conformal field theory on the boundary of AdS_3 is…
We present an observation about the proposal that four-dimensional modification of general relativity may explain the observed cosmic acceleration today. Assuming that the thermodynamical nature of gravity theory continues to hold in modified gravity theories, we derive the modified horizon entropy formula from the modified Friedmann equation. We argue that our results imply that there are conceptual problems in some models of four-dimensional modification of general relativity.
The paper deals with universal thermodynamics for FRW model of the universe bounded by apparent (or event) horizon. Assuming Hawking temperature on the horizon, the unified first law is examined on the horizon for different gravity theories. The results show that equilibrium configuration is preserved with a modification to Bekenstein entropy on the horizon.
We study the entropy of black holes in the deformed Horava-Lifshitz gravity with coupling constant lambda. For lambda=1, the black hole resembles the Reissner-Norstrom black hole with a geometric parameter acting like the electric charge. Therefore, we obtain some differences in the entropy when comparing with the Schwarzschild black hole. Finally, we study the heat capacity and the thermodynamical stability of this solution.
Using quantum tunneling approach, we are able to derive the entropy with logarithmic term of the static spherically symmetric black hole in semi-classical Einstein equations with conformal anomaly. The results indicate that the logarithmic correction to Bekenstein-Hawking area entropy can be well explained by the self-gravitation.
Motivated by the analogy between the spacetime and the solid with inhomogeneous elasticity modulus, we present an alternative method to obtain the field equation of any diffeomorphism-invariant gravity, by extremizing the constructed entropy function of the displacement vector field of spacetime solid. In general stationary spacetimes, we show that the Wald entropy of horizon arises from the on-shell entropy function of spacetime solid.
Einstein's equation could be interpreted as the first law of thermodynamic near the spherically symmetric horizon. Through recalling the Einstein gravity with a more general static spherical symmetric metric, we find that the entropy would have a correction in Einstein gravity. By using this method, we investigate the Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) gravity. Without matter field, we can also derive the first law in EiBI gravity. With an electromagnetic field, as the field equations have a more general spherically symmetric solution in EiBI gravity, we find that correction of the entropy …
Using a recently introduced 5D Riemann flat metric, we investigate the possibility of introducing dissipation in the dynamics of the inflaton field on an effective 4D FRW metric, in the framework of the STM theory of gravity.
In this paper, the BF theory method is applied to the nonrotating isolated horizons in Lovelock theory. The final entropy matches the Wald entropy formula for this theory. We also confirm the conclusion got by Bodendorfer et. al. that the entropy is related to the flux operator rather than the area operator in general diffeomorphic-invariant theory.
The finiteness of black hole entropy suggest that spacetime is fundamentally discrete, and hints at an underlying relationship between geometry and "information". The foundation of this relationship is yet to be uncovered, but should manifest itself in a theory of quantum gravity. We review recent attempts to define a microscopic measure for black hole entropy and for the maximum entropy of spherically symmetric spacelike regions, within the causal set approach to quantum gravity.
We provide a simple derivation of the corrections for Schwarzschild and Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black hole entropy without knowing the details of quantum gravity. We will follow Bekenstein, Wheeler and Jaynes ideas, using summations techniques without calculus approximations, to directly find logarithmic corrections to well-known entropy formula for black holes. Our approach is free from pathological behaviour giving negative entropy for small values of black hole mass $M$. With the aid of Universality principle we will argue that this purely classical approach could open a window for explor…
We introduce the notion of thermal entropy density, and first obtain the thermal entropy density of any arbitrary spacetime without firstly assuming a temperature or a horizon. The results indicate that gravity possesses thermal effects or therm entropy density possesses effects of gravity. The results also imply that, besides gravity, the thermal entropy density can also be geometrized.
We extend Padmanabhan's entropy functional formalism to show that, in addition to the Gauss-Bonnet or the entire series of Lanczos-Lovelock Lagrangians already obtained, more general higher-order corrections to General Relativity, i.e., the so-called modified gravity theories, also emerge naturally from this formalism. This extension shows that the formalism constitutes a valuable tool to investigate, at each order in the curvature, the possible structure the higher-order modified gravity theories might have. As an application, the extended formalism is used to evaluate the horizon entropy in …
In the framework of loop quantum gravity (LQG), having quantum black holes in mind, we generalize the previous boundary state counting (gr-qc/0508085) to a full bulk state counting. After a suitable gauge fixing we are able to compute the bulk entropy of a bounded region (the "black hole") with fixed boundary. This allows us to study the relationship between the entropy and the boundary area in details and we identify a holographic regime of LQG where the leading order of the entropy scales with the area. We show that in this regime we can fine tune the factor between entropy and area without …
The Noether charge associated to diffeomorphism invariance in teleparallel gravity is derived. It is shown that the latter yields the ADM mass of an asymptotically flat spacetime. The black hole entropy is then investigated based on Wald's prescription that relies on the Noether charge. It is shown that, like in general relativity, the surface gravity can be factored out from such a charge. Consequently, the similarity with the first law of thermodynamics implied by such an approach in general relativity does show up also in teleparallel gravity. It is found that, based on the expression of th…
In loop quantum gravity, the area element of embedded spatial surfaces is given by a well-defined operator. We further characterize the quantized geometry of such surfaces by proposing definitions for operators quantizing scalar curvature and mean curvature. By investigating their properties, we shed light on the nature of the geometry of surfaces in loop quantum gravity. We also investigate the entanglement entropy across surfaces in the case where spin network edges are running within the surface. We observe that, on a certain class of states, the entropy gradient across a surface is proport…
Earlier calculations of black hole entropy in loop quantum gravity have given a term proportional to the area with a correction involving the logarithm of the area when the area eigenvalue is close to the classical area. However the calculations yield an entropy proportional to the area eigenvalue with no such correction when the area eigenvalue is large compared to the classical area.
We explore a possible connection between two aspects of Loop Quantum Gravity which have been extensively studied in the recent literature: the black-hole area-entropy law and the energy-momentum dispersion relation. We observe that the original Bekenstein argument for the area-entropy law implicitly requires information on the energy-momentum dispersion relation. Recent results show that in first approximation black-hole entropy in Loop Quantum Gravity depends linearly on the area, with small correction terms which have logarithmic or inverse-power dependence on the area. Preliminary studies o…
We argue that the statistical entropy relevant for the thermal interactions of a black hole with its surroundings is (the logarithm of) the number of quantum microstates of the hole which are distinguishable from the hole's exterior, and which correspond to a given hole's macroscopic configuration. We compute this number explicitly from first principles, for a Schwarzschild black hole, using nonperturbative quantum gravity in the loop representation. We obtain a black hole entropy proportional to the area, as in the Bekenstein-Hawking formula.
The entanglement entropy between quantum fields inside and outside a black hole horizon is a promising candidate for the microscopic origin of black hole entropy. We show that the entanglement entropy may be defined in loop quantum gravity, and compute its value for spin network states. The entanglement entropy for an arbitrary region of space is expressed as a sum over punctures where the spin network intersects the region's boundary. Our result agrees asymptotically with results previously obtained from the isolated horizon framework, and we give a justification for this agreement. We conclu…
In this paper, we extend the calculation of the entropy of the nonrotating isolated horizons in 4 dimensional spacetime to that in a higher dimensional spacetime. We show that the boundary degrees of freedom on an isolated horizon can be described effectively by a punctured $SO(1,1)$ BF theory. Then the entropy of the nonrotating isolated horizon can be calculated out by counting the microstates. It satisfies the Bekenstein-Hawking law.
In this paper, we study the phase transition and the entropy spectrum of BTZ black hole obtained in a model of three-dimensional gravity with torsion. By calculating the heat capacity we find that the BTZ black hole we considered will experience phase transition at some critical point. This indicates that the critical behaviors of black holes do not only depend on the spacetime metric, but have to do with the theory of gravity under consideration. In addition we derived the entropy spectrum of the BTZ black hole according to the quasinormal modes(QNMs) and the adiabatic invariance. It shows th…
Black holes in equilibrium and the counting of their entropy within Loop Quantum Gravity are reviewed. In particular, we focus on the conceptual setting of the formalism, briefly summarizing the main results of the classical formalism and its quantization. We then focus on recent results for small, Planck scale, black holes, where new structures have been shown to arise, in particular an effective quantization of the entropy. We discuss recent results that employ in a very effective manner results from number theory, providing a complete solution to the counting of black hole entropy. We end w…
Universal thermodynamics for FRW model of the Universe bounded by apparent/event horizon has been considered for massive gravity theory. Assuming Hawking temperature and using the unified first law of thermodynamics on the horizon, modified entropy on the horizon has been determined. For simple perfect fluid with constant equation of state, generalized second law of thermodynamics and thermodynamical equilibrium have been examined on both the horizons.
We study the relation between the thermodynamics and field equations of generalized gravity theories on the dynamical trapping horizon with sphere symmetry. We assume the entropy of dynamical horizon as the Noether charge associated with the Kodama vector and point out that it satisfies the second law when a Gibbs equation holds. We generalize two kinds of Gibbs equations to Gauss-Bonnet gravity on any trapping horizon. Based on the quasi-local gravitational energy found recently for $f(R)$ gravity and scalar-tensor gravity in some special cases, we also build up the Gibbs equations, where the…
We consider the effects of Gravity's Rainbow on the computation of black hole entropy using a dynamical brick wall model. An explicit dependence of the radial coordinate approaching the horizon is proposed to analyze the behavior of the divergence. We find that, due to the modification of the density of states, the brick wall can be eliminated. The calculation is extended to include rotations and in particular to a Kerr black hole in a comoving frame.
In this paper we use the method of generalized gravitational entropy in \cite{Lewkowycz:2013nqa} to construct the dual bulk geometry for a spherical entangling surface, and calculate the Rényi entropy with the dual bulk gravity theory being either Einstein gravity or Lovelock gravity, this approach is closely related to that in \cite{Casini:2011kv}. For a general entangling surface we derive the area law of entanglement entropy. The area law is closely related with the local property of the entangling surface.
We give an account of the state of the art about black hole entropy in Loop Quantum Gravity. This chapter contains a historical summary and explains how black hole entropy is described by relying on the concept of isolated horizon, with an emphasis on different representations of its associated symmetry group. It continues with a review of the combinatorial methods necessary to understand the behavior of the entropy as a function of the area and concludes with a discussion of the nature of the quantum horizon degrees of freedom that account for the black hole entropy and the related issue of t…
The entropy of black holes in modified theories of gravity is examined in the Palatini formalism using the Noether Charge approach. It is shown that, if the gravitational coupling constant is properly identified, the entropy of a black hole is one-quarter of the horizon area in f(R) theories coupled to conformally invariant matter. If matter is present that is not conformally invariant the entropy is still proportional to the area of the black hole, but the coefficient is generally not one-quarter. The entropy of black holes in generalized dilaton theories and in theories with Lagrangians that…
We investigate homogeneous cosmological models with perfect-fluid sources in the framework of the Ho\v rava-Lifshitz model for quantum gravity. We show that the Hamiltonian constraint of such spacetimes can be rewritten as the Cardy formula for the entropy in conformal field theory. The Cardy entropy is shown to depend explicitly on the value of the Ho\v rava parameter $λ$ so that it can be interpreted as determining the entropy and the gravitational interaction of the theory. Moreover, we show that Verlinde's Pythagorean representation of the Hamiltonian constraint is also valid in the case o…
Here, we peruse cosmological usage of the most promising candidates of dark energy in the framework of f(R) theory. We reconstruct the different f(R) modified gravity models in the spatially flat FRW universe according to the ordinary and entropy-corrected versions of the holographic and new agegraphic dark energy models, which describe accelerated expansion of the universe. We also obtain the equation of state parameter of the corresponding f(R)-gravity models. We conclude that the holographic and new agegraphic f(R)-gravity models can behave like phantom or quintessence models. Whereas the e…
The Brown-Kuchař mechanism is applied in the case of General Relativity coupled with the Schutz' model for a perfect fluid. Using the canonical formalism and manipulating the set of modified constraints one is able to recover the definition of a time evolution operator, i.e. a physical Hamiltonian, expressed as a functional of gravitational variables and the entropy.
It is shown that a recently proposed model for the gravitational interaction in non relativistic quantum mechanics may turn to be relevant to the derivation of the second law of thermodynamics. In particular, the spreading of the probability density of the center of mass of an isolated macroscopic body does not imply delocalization of the wave function, but on the contrary it corresponds to an entropy growth.
The various entropy bounds that exist in the literature suggest that spacetime is fundamentally discrete, and hint at an underlying relationship between geometry and "information". The foundation of this relationship is yet to be uncovered, but should manifest itself in a theory of quantum gravity. We present a measure for the maximal entropy of spherically symmetric spacelike regions within the causal set approach to quantum gravity. In terms of the proposal, a bound for the entropy contained in this region can be derived from a counting of potential "degrees of freedom" associated to the Cau…
Employing the Noether charge technique and Visser's Euclidean approach the entropy of the nonlinear black hole described by the perturbative solution of the system of coupled equations of the quadratic gravity and nonlinear electrodynamics is constructed. The solution is parametrized by the exact location of the event horizon and charge. Special emphasis in put on the extremal configuration. Consequences of the second choice of the boundary conditions, in which the solution is paramerized by the charge and the total mass as seen by a distant observer is briefly examined.
This paper investigates the implications from area quantization in Loop Quantum Gravity, particularly focusing on the application of the Landauer principle -- a fundamental thermodynamic concept establishing a connection between information theory and thermodynamics. By leveraging the Landauer principle in conjunction with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy law, we derive the usual value for the Immirzi parameter precisely, $γ= \ln2/(π\sqrt{3})$, without using the typical procedure that involves the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy. Furthermore, following an analogous procedure, we derive a modified expres…
We construct condensate states encoding the continuum spherically symmetric quantum geometry of an horizon in full quantum gravity, i.e. without any classical symmetry reduction, in the group field theory formalism. Tracing over the bulk degrees of freedom, we show how the resulting reduced density matrix manifestly exhibits an holographic behavior. We derive a complete orthonormal basis of eigenstates for the reduced density matrix of the horizon and use it to compute the horizon entanglement entropy. By imposing consistency with the horizon boundary conditions and semiclassical thermodynamic…
We show that the spherically symmetric isolated horizon can be described in terms of an SU(2) connection and a su(2) valued one form, obeying certain constraints. The horizon symplectic structure is precisely the one of 3d gravity in a first order formulation. We quantize the horizon degrees of freedom in the framework of loop quantum gravity, with methods recently developed for 3d gravity with non-vanishing cosmological constant. Bulk excitations ending on the horizon act very similar to particles in 3d gravity. The Bekenstein-Hawking law is recovered in the limit of imaginary Barbero-Immirzi…
We generalize the Noether current method proposed by Majhi and Padmanabhan recently to $f(R)$ gravity and conformal gravity and analyze the near horizon symmetry of black holes in these models. It is shown that the entropy obtained with Cardy's formula agrees with Wald entropy.
Standard methods for calculating the black hole entropy beyond general relativity are ambiguous when the horizon is non stationary. We fix these ambiguities in all quadratic curvature gravity theories, by demanding that the entropy be increasing at every time, for linear perturbations to a stationary black hole. Our result matches with the entropy formula found previously in holographic entanglement entropy calculations. We explicitly calculate the entropy increase for Vaidya-like solutions in Ricci-tensor gravity to show that (unlike the Wald entropy) the holographic entropy obeys a Second La…
The statistical-mechanical origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy $S^{BH}$ in the induced gravity is discussed. In the framework of the induced gravity models the Einstein action arises as the low energy limit of the effective action of quantum fields. The induced gravitational constant is determined by the masses of the heavy constituents. We established the explicit relation between statistical entropy of constituent fields and black hole entropy $S^{BH}$.
