Designing effective defense against adversarial attacks is a crucial topic as deep neural networks have been proliferated rapidly in many security-critical domains such as malware detection and self-driving cars. Conventional defense methods, although shown to be promising, are largely limited by their single-source single-cost nature: The robustness promotion tends to plateau when the defenses are made increasingly stronger while the cost tends to amplify. In this paper, we study principles of designing multi-source and multi-cost schemes where defense performance is boosted from multiple defending components. Based on this motivation, we propose a multi-source and multi-cost defense scheme, Adversarially Trained Model Switching (AdvMS), that inherits advantages from two leading schemes: adversarial training and random model switching. We show that the multi-source nature of AdvMS mitigates the performance plateauing issue and the multi-cost nature enables improving robustness at a flexible and adjustable combination of costs over different factors which can better suit specific restrictions and needs in practice.
Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Ant Financial（蚂蚁金融）；Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are inherently susceptible to adversarial attacks even under black-box settings, in which the adversary only has query access to the target models. In practice, while it may be possible to effectively detect such attacks (e.g., observing massive similar but non-identical queries), it is often challenging to exactly infer the adversary intent (e.g., the target class of the adversarial example the adversary attempts to craft) especially during early stages of the attacks, which is crucial for performing effective deterrence and remediation of the threats in many scena…
Data augmentation is a widely used technique for enhancing the generalization ability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in image classification tasks. Occlusion is a critical factor that affects on the generalization ability of image classification models. In order to generate new samples, existing data augmentation methods based on information deletion simulate occluded samples by randomly removing some areas in the images. However, those methods cannot delete areas of the images according to their structural features of the images. To solve those problems, we propose a novel data augme…
Decoupling Defense Strategies for Robust Image Watermarking
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Swinburne University of Technology（斯威本理工大学）；The Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education（教育部感知计算重点实验室）
I introduce a very simple method to defend against adversarial examples. The basic idea is to raise the slope of the ReLU function at the test time. Experiments over MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed defense against a number of strong attacks in both untargeted and targeted settings. While perhaps not as effective as the state of the art adversarial defenses, this approach can provide insights to understand and mitigate adversarial attacks. It can also be used in conjunction with other defenses.
Adversarial attacks optimize against models to defeat defenses. Existing defenses are static, and stay the same once trained, even while attacks change. We argue that models should fight back, and optimize their defenses against attacks at test time. We propose dynamic defenses, to adapt the model and input during testing, by defensive entropy minimization (dent). Dent alters testing, but not training, for compatibility with existing models and train-time defenses. Dent improves the robustness of adversarially-trained defenses and nominally-trained models against white-box, black-box, and adap…
Although 3D point cloud classification has recently been widely deployed in different application scenarios, it is still very vulnerable to adversarial attacks. This increases the importance of robust training of 3D models in the face of adversarial attacks. Based on our analysis on the performance of existing adversarial attacks, more adversarial perturbations are found in the mid and high-frequency components of input data. Therefore, by suppressing the high-frequency content in the training phase, the models robustness against adversarial examples is improved. Experiments showed that the pr…
University of Tübingen（图宾根大学）；DeepMind（深度思维）；Everyday Robots（日常机器人公司）
Adaptive defenses, which optimize at test time, promise to improve adversarial robustness. We categorize such adaptive test-time defenses, explain their potential benefits and drawbacks, and evaluate a representative variety of the latest adaptive defenses for image classification. Unfortunately, none significantly improve upon static defenses when subjected to our careful case study evaluation. Some even weaken the underlying static model while simultaneously increasing inference computation. While these results are disappointing, we still believe that adaptive test-time defenses are a promis…
Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which can mislead classifiers by adding imperceptible perturbations. An intriguing property of adversarial examples is their good transferability, making black-box attacks feasible in real-world applications. Due to the threat of adversarial attacks, many methods have been proposed to improve the robustness. Several state-of-the-art defenses are shown to be robust against transferable adversarial examples. In this paper, we propose a translation-invariant attack method to generate more transferable adversarial examples against the de…
Existing defenses against adversarial attacks are typically tailored to a specific perturbation type. Using adversarial training to defend against multiple types of perturbation requires expensive adversarial examples from different perturbation types at each training step. In contrast, manifold-based defense incorporates a generative network to project an input sample onto the clean data manifold. This approach eliminates the need to generate expensive adversarial examples while achieving robustness against multiple perturbation types. However, the success of this approach relies on whether t…
We introduce a feature scattering-based adversarial training approach for improving model robustness against adversarial attacks. Conventional adversarial training approaches leverage a supervised scheme (either targeted or non-targeted) in generating attacks for training, which typically suffer from issues such as label leaking as noted in recent works. Differently, the proposed approach generates adversarial images for training through feature scattering in the latent space, which is unsupervised in nature and avoids label leaking. More importantly, this new approach generates perturbed imag…
MagNet and "Efficient Defenses..." were recently proposed as a defense to adversarial examples. We find that we can construct adversarial examples that defeat these defenses with only a slight increase in distortion.
Advances in the development of adversarial attacks have been fundamental to the progress of adversarial defense research. Efficient and effective attacks are crucial for reliable evaluation of defenses, and also for developing robust models. Adversarial attacks are often generated by maximizing standard losses such as the cross-entropy loss or maximum-margin loss within a constraint set using Projected Gradient Descent (PGD). In this work, we introduce a relaxation term to the standard loss, that finds more suitable gradient-directions, increases attack efficacy and leads to more efficient adv…
Stony Brook University（石溪大学）；IBM Research（IBM研究院）；University of Michingan（密歇根大学）
Adversarial machine learning is a well-studied field of research where an adversary causes predictable errors in a machine learning algorithm through precise manipulation of the input. Numerous techniques have been proposed to harden machine learning algorithms and mitigate the effect of adversarial attacks. Of these techniques, adversarial training, which augments the training data with adversarial samples, has proven to be an effective defense with respect to a certain class of attacks. However, adversarial training is computationally expensive and its improvements are limited to a single mo…
University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
Deep learning image classification is vulnerable to adversarial attack, even if the attacker changes just a small patch of the image. We propose a defense against patch attacks based on partially occluding the image around each candidate patch location, so that a few occlusions each completely hide the patch. We demonstrate on CIFAR-10, Fashion MNIST, and MNIST that our defense provides certified security against patch attacks of a certain size.
New Jersey Institute of Technology（新泽西理工学院）；Qatar Computing Research Institute（卡塔尔计算研究所）
Machine learning models, especially neural network (NN) classifiers, are widely used in many applications including natural language processing, computer vision and cybersecurity. They provide high accuracy under the assumption of attack-free scenarios. However, this assumption has been defied by the introduction of adversarial examples -- carefully perturbed samples of input that are usually misclassified. Many researchers have tried to develop a defense against adversarial examples; however, we are still far from achieving that goal. In this paper, we design a Generative Adversarial Net (GAN…
Recent studies have demonstrated that machine learning approaches like deep neural networks (DNNs) are easily fooled by adversarial attacks. Subtle and imperceptible perturbations of the data are able to change the result of deep neural networks. Leveraging vulnerable machine learning methods raises many concerns especially in domains where security is an important factor. Therefore, it is crucial to design defense mechanisms against adversarial attacks. For the task of image classification, unnoticeable perturbations mostly occur in the high-frequency spectrum of the image. In this paper, we …
Neural Network classifiers have been used successfully in a wide range of applications. However, their underlying assumption of attack free environment has been defied by adversarial examples. Researchers tried to develop defenses; however, existing approaches are still far from providing effective solutions to this evolving problem. In this paper, we design a generative adversarial net (GAN) based zero knowledge adversarial training defense, dubbed ZK-GanDef, which does not consume adversarial examples during training. Therefore, ZK-GanDef is not only efficient in training but also adaptive t…
A recent defense proposes to inject "honeypots" into neural networks in order to detect adversarial attacks. We break the baseline version of this defense by reducing the detection true positive rate to 0\% and the detection AUC to 0.02, maintaining the original distortion bounds. The authors of the original paper have amended the defense in their CCS'20 paper to mitigate this attacks. To aid further research, we release the complete 2.5 hour keystroke-by-keystroke screen recording of our attack process at https://nicholas.carlini.com/code/ccs_honeypot_break.
Dataset bias is a problem in adversarial machine learning, especially in the evaluation of defenses. An adversarial attack or defense algorithm may show better results on the reported dataset than can be replicated on other datasets. Even when two algorithms are compared, their relative performance can vary depending on the dataset. Deep learning offers state-of-the-art solutions for image recognition, but deep models are vulnerable even to small perturbations. Research in this area focuses primarily on adversarial attacks and defense algorithms. In this paper, we report for the first time, a …
Emergence of the utility of 3D point cloud data in safety-critical vision tasks (e.g., ADAS) urges researchers to pay more attention to the robustness of 3D representations and deep networks. To this end, we develop an attack and defense scheme, dedicated to 3D point cloud data, for preventing 3D point clouds from manipulated as well as pursuing noise-tolerable 3D representation. A set of novel 3D point cloud attack operations are proposed via pointwise gradient perturbation and adversarial point attachment / detachment. We then develop a flexible perturbation-measurement scheme for 3D point c…
Several moving target defenses (MTDs) to counter adversarial ML attacks have been proposed in recent years. MTDs claim to increase the difficulty for the attacker in conducting attacks by regularly changing certain elements of the defense, such as cycling through configurations. To examine these claims, we study for the first time the effectiveness of several recent MTDs for adversarial ML attacks applied to the malware detection domain. Under different threat models, we show that transferability and query attack strategies can achieve high levels of evasion against these defenses through exis…
Shenzhen Youjia Innov Tech Co., Ltd（深圳佑驾创新科技有限公司）；South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are known to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks that would trigger misclassification of DNNs but may be imperceptible to human perception. Adversarial defense has been an important way to improve the robustness of DNNs. Existing attack methods often construct adversarial examples relying on some metrics like the $\ell_p$ distance to perturb samples. However, these metrics can be insufficient to conduct adversarial attacks due to their limited perturbations. In this paper, we propose a new internal Wasserstein distance (IWD) to capture the semantic similarity of tw…
A No-Defense Defense Against Gradient-Based Adversarial Attacks on ML-NIDS: Is Less More?
Carleton University（卡尔顿大学）；Computer Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Canada（计算机工程系卡尔顿大学渥太华加拿大）；School of Information Technology Carleton University Ottawa, Canada（信息科技学院卡尔顿大学渥太华加拿大）
Conventional adversarial defenses reduce classification accuracy whether or not a model is under attacks. Moreover, most of image processing based defenses are defeated due to the problem of obfuscated gradients. In this paper, we propose a new adversarial defense which is a defensive transform for both training and test images inspired by perceptual image encryption methods. The proposed method utilizes a block-wise pixel shuffling method with a secret key. The experiments are carried out on both adaptive and non-adaptive maximum-norm bounded white-box attacks while considering obfuscated gra…
Guangzhou University（广州大学）；Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology（网络空间先进技术研究院）
Recent work shows that deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples. Much work studies adversarial example generation, while very little work focuses on more critical adversarial defense. Existing adversarial detection methods usually make assumptions about the adversarial example and attack method (e.g., the word frequency of the adversarial example, the perturbation level of the attack method). However, this limits the applicability of the detection method. To this end, we propose TREATED, a universal adversarial detection method that can defend against attacks of various pert…
There has been extensive research on developing defense techniques against adversarial attacks; however, they have been mainly designed for specific model families or application domains, therefore, they cannot be easily extended. Based on the design philosophy of ensemble of diverse weak defenses, we propose ATHENA---a flexible and extensible framework for building generic yet effective defenses against adversarial attacks. We have conducted a comprehensive empirical study to evaluate several realizations of ATHENA with four threat models including zero-knowledge, black-box, gray-box, and whi…
In spite of the enormous success of neural networks, adversarial examples remain a relatively weakly understood feature of deep learning systems. There is a considerable effort in both building more powerful adversarial attacks and designing methods to counter the effects of adversarial examples. We propose a method to transform the adversarial input data through a mixture of generators in order to recover the correct class obfuscated by the adversarial attack. A canonical set of images is used to generate adversarial examples through potentially multiple attacks. Such transformed images are p…
Under adversarial attacks, time series regression and classification are vulnerable. Adversarial defense, on the other hand, can make the models more resilient. It is important to evaluate how vulnerable different time series models are to attacks and how well they recover using defense. The sensitivity to various attacks and the robustness using the defense of several time series models are investigated in this study. Experiments are run on seven-time series models with three adversarial attacks and one adversarial defense. According to the findings, all models, particularly GRU and RNN, appe…
Convolutional Neural Networks have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial examples, which are known to locate in subspaces close to where normal data lies but are not naturally occurring and of low probability. In this work, we investigate the potential effect defense techniques have on the geometry of the likelihood landscape - likelihood of the input images under the trained model. We first propose a way to visualize the likelihood landscape leveraging an energy-based model interpretation of discriminative classifiers. Then we introduce a measure to quantify the flatness of the likelihoo…
Though deep neural networks perform challenging tasks excellently, they are susceptible to adversarial examples, which mislead classifiers by applying human-imperceptible perturbations on clean inputs. Under the query-free black-box scenario, adversarial examples are hard to transfer to unknown models, and several methods have been proposed with the low transferability. To settle such issue, we design a max-min framework inspired by input transformations, which are benificial to both the adversarial attack and defense. Explicitly, we decrease loss values with inputs' affline transformations as…
Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团）；ABB Corporate Research Center（ABB企业研究中心）；Wormpex AI Research（Wormpex人工智能研究院）
Deep Neural Network classifiers are vulnerable to adversarial attack, where an imperceptible perturbation could result in misclassification. However, the vulnerability of DNN-based image ranking systems remains under-explored. In this paper, we propose two attacks against deep ranking systems, i.e., Candidate Attack and Query Attack, that can raise or lower the rank of chosen candidates by adversarial perturbations. Specifically, the expected ranking order is first represented as a set of inequalities, and then a triplet-like objective function is designed to obtain the optimal perturbation. C…
University of Kentucky（肯塔基大学）；Miami University（迈阿密大学）
Despite remarkable performance across a broad range of tasks, neural networks have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Many works focus on adversarial attacks and defenses on 2D images, but few focus on 3D point clouds. In this paper, our goal is to enhance the adversarial robustness of PointNet, which is one of the most widely used models for 3D point clouds. We apply the fast gradient sign attack method (FGSM) on 3D point clouds and find that FGSM can be used to generate not only adversarial images but also adversarial point clouds. To minimize the vulnerability of PointNet t…
Recent studies on adversarial images have shown that they tend to leave the underlying low-dimensional data manifold, making them significantly more challenging for current models to make correct predictions. This so-called off-manifold conjecture has inspired a novel line of defenses against adversarial attacks on images. In this study, we find a similar phenomenon occurs in the contextualized embedding space induced by pretrained language models, in which adversarial texts tend to have their embeddings diverge from the manifold of natural ones. Based on this finding, we propose Textual Manif…
The safety and robustness of learning-based decision-making systems are under threats from adversarial examples, as imperceptible perturbations can mislead neural networks to completely different outputs. In this paper, we present an adaptive view of the issue via evaluating various test-time smoothing defense against white-box untargeted adversarial examples. Through controlled experiments with pretrained ResNet-152 on ImageNet, we first illustrate the non-monotonic relation between adversarial attacks and smoothing defenses. Then at the dataset level, we observe large variance among samples …
Adversarial attacks hamper the functionality and accuracy of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) by meddling with subtle perturbations to their inputs.In this work, we propose a new Mask-based Adversarial Defense scheme (MAD) for DNNs to mitigate the negative effect from adversarial attacks. To be precise, our method promotes the robustness of a DNN by randomly masking a portion of potential adversarial images, and as a result, the %classification result output of the DNN becomes more tolerant to minor input perturbations. Compared with existing adversarial defense techniques, our method does not need…
Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology（南京信息工程大学）；State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing（数学工程与先进计算国家重点实验室）；Qilu University of Technology（齐鲁工业大学）
The vulnerability of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to adversarial examples has been confirmed. Existing adversarial defenses primarily aim at preventing adversarial examples from attacking DNNs successfully, rather than preventing their generation. If the generation of adversarial examples is unregulated, images within reach are no longer secure and pose a threat to non-robust DNNs. Although gradient obfuscation attempts to address this issue, it has been shown to be circumventable. Therefore, we propose a novel adversarial defense mechanism, which is referred to as immune defense and is the exa…
Univ. of Southern California（南加州大学）；Univ. of Nevada（内华达大学）；Docomo Innovations Inc.（都科摩创新公司）
Deep neural networks have demonstrated cutting edge performance on various tasks including classification. However, it is well known that adversarially designed imperceptible perturbation of the input can mislead advanced classifiers. In this paper, Permutation Phase Defense (PPD), is proposed as a novel method to resist adversarial attacks. PPD combines random permutation of the image with phase component of its Fourier transform. The basic idea behind this approach is to turn adversarial defense problems analogously into symmetric cryptography, which relies solely on safekeeping of the keys …
Texas A&M University（得克萨斯农工大学）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）
Despite the recent advances in a wide spectrum of applications, machine learning models, especially deep neural networks, have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Attackers add carefully-crafted perturbations to input, where the perturbations are almost imperceptible to humans, but can cause models to make wrong predictions. Techniques to protect models against adversarial input are called adversarial defense methods. Although many approaches have been proposed to study adversarial attacks and defenses in different scenarios, an intriguing and crucial challenge remains that how…
DeepRobust is a PyTorch adversarial learning library which aims to build a comprehensive and easy-to-use platform to foster this research field. It currently contains more than 10 attack algorithms and 8 defense algorithms in image domain and 9 attack algorithms and 4 defense algorithms in graph domain, under a variety of deep learning architectures. In this manual, we introduce the main contents of DeepRobust with detailed instructions. The library is kept updated and can be found at https://github.com/DSE-MSU/DeepRobust.
Robust Mixture-of-Expert Training for Convolutional Neural Networks
Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）；University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill（北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校）；MIT（麻省理工学院）；Harvard University（哈佛大学）；UC Santa Barbara（加州大学圣巴巴拉分校）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；UIUC（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；IBM Research（IBM研究院）
Microsoft Corporation（微软公司）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）
Adversarial perturbations dramatically decrease the accuracy of state-of-the-art image classifiers. In this paper, we propose and analyze a simple and computationally efficient defense strategy: inject random Gaussian noise, discretize each pixel, and then feed the result into any pre-trained classifier. Theoretically, we show that our randomized discretization strategy reduces the KL divergence between original and adversarial inputs, leading to a lower bound on the classification accuracy of any classifier against any (potentially whitebox) $\ell_\infty$-bounded adversarial attack. Empirical…
University of New South Wales（新南威尔士大学）；Data61, CSIRO（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织Data61）；National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）
Graph deep learning models, such as graph convolutional networks (GCN) achieve remarkable performance for tasks on graph data. Similar to other types of deep models, graph deep learning models often suffer from adversarial attacks. However, compared with non-graph data, the discrete features, graph connections and different definitions of imperceptible perturbations bring unique challenges and opportunities for the adversarial attacks and defenses for graph data. In this paper, we propose both attack and defense techniques. For attack, we show that the discreteness problem could easily be reso…
University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies（马里兰大学高级计算机研究所）
In recent years, deep neural network approaches have been widely adopted for machine learning tasks, including classification. However, they were shown to be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations: carefully crafted small perturbations can cause misclassification of legitimate images. We propose Defense-GAN, a new framework leveraging the expressive capability of generative models to defend deep neural networks against such attacks. Defense-GAN is trained to model the distribution of unperturbed images. At inference time, it finds a close output to a given image which does not contain the adv…
This study provides a new understanding of the adversarial attack problem by examining the correlation between adversarial attack and visual attention change. In particular, we observed that: (1) images with incomplete attention regions are more vulnerable to adversarial attacks; and (2) successful adversarial attacks lead to deviated and scattered attention map. Accordingly, an attention-based adversarial defense framework is designed to simultaneously rectify the attention map for prediction and preserve the attention area between adversarial and original images. The problem of adding iterat…
Macquarie University（麦考瑞大学）；Harvard University（哈佛大学）；University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；University of California, Los Angeles（加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校）
Nowadays, autonomous driving has attracted much attention from both industry and academia. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a key component in autonomous driving, which is also increasingly adopted in pervasive computing such as smartphones, wearable devices, and IoT networks. Prior work shows CNN-based classification models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. However, it is uncertain to what extent regression models such as driving models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, the effectiveness of existing defense techniques, and the defense implications for system and middleware buil…
Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）；Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学）
Deep learning based image classification models are shown vulnerable to adversarial attacks by injecting deliberately crafted noises to clean images. To defend against adversarial attacks in a training-free and attack-agnostic manner, this work proposes a novel and effective reconstruction-based defense framework by delving into deep image prior (DIP). Fundamentally different from existing reconstruction-based defenses, the proposed method analyzes and explicitly incorporates the model decision process into our defense. Given an adversarial image, firstly we map its reconstructed images during…
CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information（中国科学院电磁空间信息重点实验室）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have recently led to significant improvements in many fields. However, DNNs are vulnerable to adversarial examples which are samples with imperceptible perturbations while dramatically misleading the DNNs. Moreover, adversarial examples can be used to perform an attack on various kinds of DNN based systems, even if the adversary has no access to the underlying model. Many defense methods have been proposed, such as obfuscating gradients of the networks or detecting adversarial examples. However it is proved out that these defense methods are not effective or cannot …
Harvard University（哈佛大学）；Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL)（三菱电机研究实验室（MERL））
In this paper, we study the problem of how to defend classifiers against adversarial attacks that fool the classifiers using subtly modified input data. In contrast to previous works, here we focus on the white-box adversarial defense where the attackers are granted full access to not only the classifiers but also defenders to produce as strong attacks as possible. In such a context we propose viewing a defender as a functional, a higher-order function that takes functions as its argument to represent a function space, rather than fixed functions conventionally. From this perspective, a defend…
College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics（南京航空航天大学计算机科学与技术学院）
Efficient and effective attacks are crucial for reliable evaluation of defenses, and also for developing robust models. Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) attack has been demonstrated to be one of the most successful adversarial attacks. However, the effect of the standard PGD attack can be easily weakened by rescaling the logits, while the original decision of every input will not be changed. To mitigate this issue, in this paper, we propose Scale-Invariant Adversarial Attack (SI-PGD), which utilizes the angle between the features in the penultimate layer and the weights in the softmax layer to…
East China Normal University（华东师范大学）；Tongji University（同济大学）；Huawei（华为）
Along with the proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) techniques, various kinds of adversarial attacks are increasingly emerging to fool Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) used by Industrial IoT (IIoT) applications. Due to biased training data or vulnerable underlying models, imperceptible modifications on inputs made by adversarial attacks may result in devastating consequences. Although existing methods are promising in defending such malicious attacks, most of them can only deal with limited existing attack types, which makes the deployment of large-scale IIoT d…
