Modeling the orbital motion of Sgr A*'s near-infrared flares
The GRAVITY Collaboration, M. Bauböck, J. Dexter, R. Abuter, A. Amorim, J. P. Berger, H. Bonnet, W. Brandner, Y. Clénet, V. Coudé du Foresto, P. T. de Zeeuw, G.… 展开作者
The GRAVITY Collaboration, M. Bauböck, J. Dexter, R. Abuter, A. Amorim, J. P. Berger, H. Bonnet, W. Brandner, Y. Clénet, V. Coudé du Foresto, P. T. de Zeeuw, G. Duvert, A. Eckart, F. Eisenhauer, N. M. Förster Schreiber, F. Gao, P. Garcia, E. Gendron, R. Genzel, O. Gerhard, S. Gillessen, M. Habibi, X. Haubois, T. Henning, S. Hippler, M. Horrobin, A. Jiménez-Rosales, L. Jocou, P. Kervella, S. Lacour, V. Lapeyrère, J. -B. Le Bouquin, P. Léna, T. Ott, T. Paumard, K. Perraut, G. Perrin, O. Pfuhl, S. Rabien, G. Rodriguez Coira, G. Rousset, S. Scheithauer, J. Stadler, A. Sternberg, O. Straub, C. Straubmeier, E. Sturm, L. J. Tacconi, F. Vincent, S. von Fellenberg, I. Waisberg, F. Widmann, E. Wieprecht, E. Wiezorrek, J. Woillez, S. Yazici
Infrared observations of Sgr A* probe the region close to the event horizon of the black hole at the Galactic center. These observations can constrain the properties of low-luminosity accretion as well as that of the black hole itself. The GRAVITY instrument at the ESO VLTI has recently detected continuous circular relativistic motion during infrared flares which has been interpreted as orbital motion near the event horizon. Here we analyze the astrometric data from these flares, taking into account the effects of out-of-plane motion and orbital shear of material near the event horizon of the black hole. We have developed a new code to predict astrometric motion and flux variability from compact emission regions following particle orbits. Our code combines semi-analytic calculations of timelike geodesics that allow for out-of-plane or elliptical motions with ray tracing of photon trajectories to compute time-dependent images and light curves. We apply our code to the three flares observed with GRAVITY in 2018. We show that all flares are consistent with a hotspot orbiting at R$\sim$9 gravitational radii with an inclination of $i\sim140^\circ$. The emitting region must be compact and less than $\sim5$ gravitational radii in diameter. We place a further limit on the out-of-plane motion during the flare.
Based on the magnetar model, we have studied in detail the processes of neutrino cooling of an electron--positron plasma generating an SGR giant flare and the influence of the magnetar magnetic field on these processes. Electron--positron pair annihilation and synchrotron neutrino emission are shown to make a dominant contribution to the neutrino emissivity of such a plasma. We have calculated the neutrino energy losses from a plasma-filled region at the long tail stage of the SGR 0526--66, SGR 1806--20, and SGR 1900+14 giant flares. This plasma can emit the energy observed in an SGR giant fla…
The X-ray and near-IR emission from Sgr A* is dominated by flaring, while a quiescent component dominates the emission at radio and sub-mm wavelengths. The spectral energy distribution of the quiescent emission from Sgr A* peaks at sub-mm wavelengths and is modeled as synchrotron radiation from a thermal population of electrons in the accretion flow, with electron temperatures ranging up to $\sim 5-20$\,MeV. Here we investigate the mechanism by which X-ray flare emission is produced through the interaction of the quiescent and flaring components of Sgr A*. The X-ray flare emission has been int…
Starting in 2012, we began an unprecedented observational program focused on the supermassive black hole in the center of our Galaxy, Sgr A*, utilizing the High Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer (HETGS) instrument on the Chandra X-ray Observatory. These observations will allow us to measure the quiescent X-ray spectra of Sgr A* for the first time at both high spatial and spectral resolution. The X-ray emission of Sgr A*, however, is known to flare roughly daily by factors of a few to ten times over quiescent emission levels, with rarer flares extending to factors of greater than 100 ti…
Significant X-ray variability and flaring has been observed from Sgr A* but is poorly understood from a theoretical standpoint. We perform GRMHD simulations that take into account a population of non-thermal electrons with energy distributions and injection rates that are motivated by PIC simulations of magnetic reconnection. We explore the effects of including these non-thermal electrons on the predicted broadband variability of Sgr A* and find that X-ray variability is a generic result of localizing non-thermal electrons to highly magnetized regions, where particles are likely to be accelera…
The soft gamma repeater SGR 1806-20 is most famous for its giant flare from 2004, which yielded the highest gamma-ray flux ever observed on Earth. The flare emphasized the importance of determining the distance to the SGR, thus revealing the flare's energy output, with implications on SGRs energy budget and giant flare rates. We analyze x-ray scattering echoes observed by Swift/XRT following the 2006 August 6 intermediate burst of SGR 1806-20. Assuming positions and opacities of the molecular clouds along the line-of-sight from previous works, we derive direct constrains on the distance to SGR…
The Galactic Center black hole Sgr A* shows significant variability and flares in the submillimeter, infrared, and X-ray wavelengths. Owing to its exquisite resolution in the IR bands, the GRAVITY experiment for the first time spatially resolved the locations of three flares and showed that a bright region moves in ellipse-like trajectories close to but offset from the black hole over the course of each event. We present a model for plasmoids that form during reconnection events and orbit in the coronal region around a black hole to explain these observations. We utilize general-relativistic r…
Illumination of dense gas in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) by powerful X-ray flares from Sgr A* leads to prominent structures in the reflected emission that can be observed long after the end of the flare. By studying this emission we learn about past activity of the supermassive black hole in our Galactic Center and, at the same time, we obtain unique information on the structure of molecular clouds that is essentially impossible to get by other means. Here we discuss how X-ray data can improve our knowledge of both sides of the problem. Existing data already provide: i) an estimate of the…
Latest observational data provides evidence that the emissions from Sgr A* originate from an accretion disc within ten gravitational radii of the dynamical centre of Milky Way. We investigate the physical processes responsible for the variable observed emissions from the compact radio source Sgr A*. We study the evolution of the variable emission region and analyse light curves and time-resolved spectra of emissions originated at the surface of the accretion disk, close to the event horizon, near the marginally stable orbit of a Kerr black hole.
We examine time-dependent 2D relativistic radiation MHD flows to develop the shock oscillation model for the long-term flares of Sgr A*. Adopting modified flow parameters in addition to the previous studies, we confirm quasi-periodic flares with periods of $\sim$ 5 and 10 days which are compatible with observations by Chandra, Swift, and XMM-Newton monitoring of Sgr A*. Using a simplified two-temperature model of ions and electrons, we find that the flare due to synchrotron emission lags that of bremsstrahlung emission by 1 -- 2 hours which are qualitatively comparable to the time-lags of 1 --…
We analyzed the observations of SGR 1806-20 performed with the \textit{Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer} (RXTE) during its 2004 giant flare. We studied the phase evolution of the sub-pulses identified in the X-ray waveform and found that the sub-pulses varied in phase with time and then gradually settled, which might indicate drifts of the emission regions in relative to the neutron star surface, or changes in the local emission geometry before the magnetic field became stable. The characteristic e-folding timescale of the phase drifts measured starting about 15 s following the initial flux spike a…
We examine two trigger mechanisms, one internal and the other external to the neutron star, that give rise to the intense soft gamma-ray repeater (SGR) giant flares. So far, three giant flares have been observed from the three out of the seven confirmed SGRs on March 5, 1979, August 27, 1998, and December 27, 2004. The last two events were found to be much more powerful than the first, and both showcased the existence of a precursor, that we show to have had initiated the main flare. In the internal mechanism, we propose that the strongly wound up poloidal magnetic field develops tangential di…
The discovery of quasi-periodic brightness oscillations (QPOs) in the X-ray emission accompanying the giant flares of the soft gamma-ray repeaters SGR 1806-20 and SGR 1900+14 has led to intense speculation about their nature and what they might reveal about the interiors of neutron stars. Here we take a fresh look at the giant flare data for SGR 1806-20, and in particular we analyze short segments of the post-peak emission using a Bayesian procedure that has not previously been applied to these data. We find at best weak evidence that any QPO persists for more than $\sim 1$ second; instead, al…
We present the first systematic analysis of the X-ray variability of Sgr A* during the Chandra X-ray Observatory's 2012 Sgr A* X-ray Visionary Project (XVP). With 38 High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) observations spaced an average of 7 days apart, this unprecedented campaign enables detailed study of the X-ray emission from this supermassive black hole at high spatial, spectral and timing resolution. In 3 Ms of observations, we detect 39 X-ray flares from Sgr A*, lasting from a few hundred seconds to approximately 8 ks, and ranging in 2-10 keV luminosity from ~1e34 erg/s to…
The supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is located at the dynamical center of the Milky Way. In a recent study of the X-ray flaring activity from Sgr A* using Chandra, XMM-Newton and Swift data from 1999 to 2015, it has been argued that the bright flaring rate has increased from 2014 Aug. 31 while the faint flaring rate decreased from around 2013 Aug. We tested the persistence of these changes in the flaring rates with new X-ray data of Sgr A* obtained in 2016-2018 (total exposure of 1.4Ms). We detected 9 flares in the Chandra data and 5 flares in the Swift data that we added to th…
We analyse archival data from the Parkes radio telescope which was observing a location 35.6$^\circ$ away from SGR 1806-20 during its giant $γ$-ray flare of 2004 December 27. We show that no FRB-like burst counterpart was detected, and set a radio limit of 110\,MJy at 1.4 GHz, including the estimated 70\,dB suppression of the signal due to its location in the far side lobe of Parkes and the predicted scattering from the interstellar medium. The upper limit for the magnetar giant flare radio to $γ$-ray fluence ratio is $η_\mathrm{SGR} \lesssim 10^{7}\,\mathrm{Jy\,ms\,erg^{-1}\,cm^{2}}$. Based o…
We report on the bright burst detected by four Interplanetary network (IPN) spacecraft on 2015 April 12. The IPN localization of the source is consistent with the position of the recently discovered soft gamma-repeater SGR 1935+2154. From the Konus-Wind (KW) observation, we derive temporal and spectral parameters of the emission, and the burst energetics. The rather long duration of the burst ($\sim$1.7 s) and the large measured energy fluence ($\sim2.5\times10^{-5}$ erg cm$^{-2}$) put it in the class of rare "intermediate" SGR flares, and this is the first one observed from SGR 1935+2154. A s…
We explore the variability properties of long, high cadence GRMHD simulations across the electromagnetic spectrum using an efficient, GPU-based radiative transfer algorithm. We focus on both disk- and jet-dominated simulations with parameters that successfully reproduce the time-averaged spectral properties of Sgr A* and the size of its image at 1.3mm. We find that the disk-dominated models produce short timescale variability with amplitudes and power spectra that closely resemble those inferred observationally. In contrast, jet-dominated models generate only slow variability, at lower flux le…
The Demographics of Sagittarius A* X-ray Flares over 25 Years with Chandra
McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；Trottier Space Institute（特罗蒂尔太空研究所）；Villanova University（维拉诺瓦大学）；Washington University in St. Louis（圣路易斯华盛顿大学）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）
We review our current understanding to the accretion and ejection processes in Sgr A*. Roughly speaking, they correspond to the quiescent and flare states of the source respectively. The high-resolution {\it Chandra} observations to the gas at the Bondi radius combined with the Bondi accretion theory, the spectral energy distribution from radio to X-ray, and the radio polarization provide us strict constraints and abundant information to the theory of accretion. We review these observational results and describe how the advection-dominated accretion flow model explains these observations. Rece…
We examine the effects of magnetic field on low angular momentum flows with standing shock around black holes in two dimensions. The magnetic field brings change in behavior and location of the shock which results in regularly or chaotically oscillating phenomena of the flow. Adopting fiducial parameters like specific angular momentum, specific energy and magnetic field strength for the flow around Sgr A*, we find that the shock moves back and forth in the range 60--170R_g, irregularly recurring with a time-scale of ~5 days with an accompanying more rapid small modulation with a period of 25 h…
Starting in 2006, Swift has been targeting a region of ~21'X21' around Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) with the onboard X-ray telescope. The short, quasi-daily observations offer an unique view of the long-term X-ray behavior of the supermassive black hole. We report on the data obtained between 2006 February and 2011 October, which encompasses 715 observations with a total accumulated exposure time of ~0.8 Ms. A total of six X-ray flares were detected with Swift, which all had an average 2-10 keV luminosity of Lx (1-4)E35 erg/s (assuming a distance of 8 kpc). This more than doubles the number of such…
GRB 051103 is considered to be a candidate soft gamma repeater (SGR) extragalactic giant magnetar flare by virtue of its proximity on the sky to M81/M82, as well as its time history, localization, and energy spectrum. We have derived a refined interplanetary network localization for this burst which reduces the size of the error box by over a factor of two. We examine its time history for evidence of a periodic component, which would be one signature of an SGR giant flare, and conclude that this component is neither detected nor detectable under reasonable assumptions. We analyze the time-reso…
Sgr A* exhibits flares in the near-infrared and X-ray bands, with the luminosity in these bands increasing by factors of $10-100$ for $\approx 60$ minutes. One of the models proposed to explain these flares is synchrotron emission of non-thermal particles accelerated by magnetic reconnection events in the accretion flow. We use the results from PIC simulations of magnetic reconnection to post-process 3D two-temperature GRMHD simulations of a magnetically arrested disc (MAD). We identify current sheets, retrieve their properties, estimate their potential to accelerate non-thermal particles and …
The routinely flaring events from \sgras\ trace dynamic, high-energy processes in the immediate vicinity of the supermassive black hole. We statistically study temporal and spectral properties, as well as fluence and duration distributions, of the flares detected by the \chandra\ X-ray Observatory from 1999 to 2012. The detection incompleteness and bias are carefully accounted for in determining these distributions. We find that the fluence distribution can be well characterized by a power-law with a slope of $1.73^{+0.20}_{-0.19}$, while the durations ($τ$ in seconds) by a log-normal function…
The supermassive black hole Sgr A* is located at the Milky Way center. We studied its flaring activity close to the DSO/G2 pericenter passage to constrain the physical properties and origin of the flares. Simultaneous/coordinated observations were made in 2014 Feb-Apr with XMM-Newton, HST/WFC3, VLT/SINFONI, VLA and CARMA. We detected 2 X-ray and 3 NIR flares on Mar. 10 and Apr. 2 with XMM-Newton and HST and 2 NIR flares on Apr. 3 and 4 with VLT. The Mar. 10 X-ray flare has a long rise and a rapid decay. Its NIR counterpart peaked 4320s before the X-ray peak implying a variation in the X-ray-to…
Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) discovered in the decaying tails of giant flares of magnetars are believed to be torsional oscillations of neutron stars. These QPOs have a high potential to constrain properties of high-density matter. In search for quasi-periodic signals, we study the light curves of the giant flares of SGR 1806-20 and SGR 1900+14, with a non-parametric Bayesian signal inference method called D$^3$PO. The D$^3$PO algorithm models the raw photon counts as a continuous flux and takes the Poissonian shot noise as well as all instrument effects into account. It reconstructs the…
The knowledge of the rate of soft gamma-ray repeater (SGR) giant flares is important for understanding the giant flare mechanism and the SGR energy budget in the framework of the magnetar model. We estimate the upper limit to the rate using the results of an extensive search for extragalactic soft gamma-repeater giant flares (GFs) among 140 short gamma-ray bursts detected between 1994 and 2010 by Konus-Wind using InterPlanetary Network (IPN) localizations and temporal parameters. We show that Konus-Wind and the IPN are capable of detecting GFs with energies of 2.3x10^46 erg (which is the energ…
Diffuse radio emission was detected around the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1806-20, after its 2004 powerful giant flare. We study the possible extended X-ray emission at small scales around SGR 1806-20, in two observations by the High Resolution Camera Spectrometer (HRC-S) on board of the Chandra X-ray Observatory: in 2005, 115 days after the giant flare, and in 2013, during quiescence. We compare the radial profiles extracted from data images and PSF simulations, carefully considering various issues related with the uncertain calibration of the HRC PSF at sub-arcsecond scales. We do not see s…
Reflection of X-ray emission on molecular clouds in the inner $\sim$ 100 pc of our Galaxy reveals that, despite being extremely quiet at the moment, our supermassive black hole Sgr A* should have experienced bright flares of X-ray emission in the recent past. Thanks to the improving characterisation of the reflection signal, we are able to infer parameters of the most recent flare(s) (age, duration and luminosity) and relative line-of-sight disposition of the brightest individual molecular complexes. We show that combining these data with measurements of polarisation in the reflected X-ray con…
In Spring 2011 we observed Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of our Galaxy, with XMM-Newton with a total exposure of ~226 ks in coordination with the 1.3 mm VLBI. We have performed timing analysis of the X-ray emission from Sgr A* using Bayesian blocks algorithm to detect X-ray flares observed with XMM-Newton. Furthermore, we computed X-ray smoothed light curves observed in this campaign in order to have better accuracy on the position and the amplitude of the flares. We detected 2 X-ray flares on the 2011 March 30 and April 3 which have for comparison a peak detection level of…
We highlight how the downward revision in the distance to the star cluster associated with SGR 1806-20 by Bibby et al. reconciles the apparent low contamination of BATSE short GRBs by intense flares from extragalactic magnetars without recourse to modifying the frequency of one such flare per 30 years per Milky Way galaxy. We also discuss the variety in progenitor initial masses of magnetars based upon cluster ages, ranging from ~50 Msun for SGR 1806-20 and iAXP CXOU J164710.2-455216 Westerlund 1 to ~17 Msun for SGR 1900+14 according to Davies et al. and presumably also 1E 1841-045 if it origi…
Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) observed in the giant flares of magnetars are of particular interest due to their potential to open up a window into the neutron star interior via neutron star asteroseismology. However, only three giant flares have been observed. We therefore make use of the much larger data set of shorter, less energetic recurrent bursts. Here, we report on a search for QPOs in a large data set of bursts from the two most burst-active magnetars, SGR 1806-20 and SGR 1900+14, observed with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). We find a single detection in an averaged perio…
The supermassive black hole at the centre of the Galaxy flares at least daily in the infrared (IR) and X-ray bands, yet the process driving these flares is still unknown. So far detailed analysis has only been performed on a few bright flares. In particular, the broadband spectral modelling suffers from a strong lack of simultaneous data. However, new monitoring campaigns now provide data on thousands of flaring events, allowing a statistical analysis of the flare properties. In this paper, we investigate the X-ray and IR flux distributions of the flare events. Using a self-consistent calculat…
We summarize recent observations and modeling of the brightest Sgr A* flare to be observed simultaneously in (near)-infrared and X-rays to date. Trying to explain the spectral characteristics of this flare through inverse Compton mechanisms implies physical parameters that are unrealistic for Sgr A*. Instead, a "cooling break" synchrotron model provides a more feasible explanation for the X-ray emission. In a magnetic field of about 5-30 Gauss the X-ray emitting electrons cool very quickly on the typical dynamical timescale while the NIR-emitting electrons cool more slowly. This produces a spe…
We report the analysis of 5 NuSTAR observations of SGR 1806-20 spread over a year from April 2015 to April 2016, more than 11 years following its Giant Flare (GF) of 2004. The source spin frequency during the NuSTAR observations follows a linear trend with a frequency derivative $\dotν=(-1.25\pm0.03)\times10^{-12}$ Hz s$^{-1}$, implying a surface dipole equatorial magnetic field $B\approx7.7\times10^{14}$ G. Thus, SGR 1806-20 has finally returned to its historical minimum torque level measured between 1993 and 1998. The source showed strong timing noise for at least 12 years starting in 2000, …
Large-amplitude Sgr A* near-infrared flares result from energy injection into electrons near the black hole event horizon. Astrometry data show continuous rotation of the emission region during bright flares, and corresponding rotation of the linear polarization angle. One broad class of physical flare models invokes magnetic reconnection. Here we show that such a scenario can arise in a general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a magnetically arrested disc. Saturation of magnetic flux triggers eruption events, where magnetically dominated plasma is expelled from near the horizon …
We present a new way of describing the flares from Sgr A* with a self-consistent calculation of the particle distribution. All relevant radiative processes are taken into account in the evolution of the electron distribution and resulting spectrum. We present spectral modelling for new X-ray flares observed by NuSTAR, together with older observations in different wavelengths, and discuss the changes in plasma parameters to produce a flare. We show that under certain conditions, the real particle distribution can differ significantly from standard distributions assumed in most studies. We concl…
We present the first fully simultaneous fits to the NIR and X-ray spectral slope (and its evolution) during a very bright flare from Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole at the Milky Way's center. Our study arises from ambitious multi-wavelength monitoring campaigns with XMM-Newton, NuSTAR and SINFONI. The average multi-wavelength spectrum is well reproduced by a broken power-law with $Γ_{NIR}=1.7\pm0.1$ and $Γ_X=2.27\pm0.12$. The difference in spectral slopes ($ΔΓ=0.57\pm0.09$) strongly supports synchrotron emission with a cooling break. The flare starts first in the NIR with a flat and bright…
Emission from Sgr A* is highly variable at both X-ray and infrared (IR) wavelengths. Observations over the last ~20 years have revealed X-ray flares that rise above a quiescent thermal background about once per day, while faint X-ray flares from Sgr A* are undetectable below the constant thermal emission. In contrast, the IR emission of Sgr A* is observed to be continuously variable. Recently, simultaneous observations have indicated a rise in IR flux density around the same time as every distinct X-ray flare, while the opposite is not always true (peaks in the IR emission may not be coinciden…
In an intensive observational campaign in the 9 month duration of Chandra X-ray Visionary Project that was conducted in the year 2012, 39 large X-ray flares of Sgr A* were recorded. An analysis of the times of the observed flares reveals that the 39 flares are separated in time by intervals that are grouped around integer numbers times 0.10333 days. This time interval is thus the period of a uniform grid of equally spaced points on the time axis. The grouping of the flares around tic marks of this grid is derived from the data with at least a 3.2 σ level of statistical significance. No signal …
We characterize and provide a catalog of thirty >100 MeV sustained gamma-ray emission (SGRE) events observed by Fermi LAT. These events are temporally and spectrally distinct from the associated solar flares. Their spectra are consistent with decay of pions produced by >300 MeV protons and are not consistent with electron bremsstrahlung. SGRE start times range from CME onset to two hours later. Their durations range from about four minutes to twenty hours and appear to be correlated with durations of >100 MeV SEP proton events. The >300 MeV protons producing SGRE have spectra that can be fit w…
Understanding the origin of the flaring activity from the Galactic center supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, is a major scientific goal of the NuSTAR Galactic plane survey campaign. We report on the data obtained between July 2012 and April 2015, including 27 observations on Sgr A* with a total exposure of ~ 1 Ms. We found a total of ten X-ray flares detected in the NuSTAR observation window, with luminosities in the range of $L_{3-79~keV}$~$(0.2-4.0) \times 10^{35}~erg~s^{-1}$. With this largest hard X-ray Sgr A* flare dataset to date, we studied the flare spectral properties. Seven fla…
Daily X-ray flaring represents an enigmatic phenomenon of Sgr A$^{\star}$ --- the supermassive black hole at the center of our Galaxy. We report initial results from a systematic X-ray study of this phenomenon, based on extensive {\it Chandra} observations obtained from 1999 to 2012, totaling about 4.5 Ms. We detect flares, using a combination of the maximum likelihood and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, which allow for a direct accounting for the pile-up effect in the modeling of the flare lightcurves and an optimal use of the data, as well as the measurements of flare parameters, including…
We present evidence for Quasi-Periodic Oscillations (QPOs) in the recurrent outburst emission from the soft gamma repeater SGR 1806-20 using NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations. By searching a sample of 30 bursts for timing signals at the frequencies of the QPOs discovered in the 2004 December 27 giant flare from the source, we find three QPOs at 84, 103, and 648 Hz in three different bursts. The first two QPOs lie within $\sim$ 1$\: σ$ from the 92 Hz QPO detected in the giant flare. The third QPO lie within $\sim$ 9$\: σ$ from the 625 Hz QPO also detected in the same flare.…
Flares from the supermassive black hole in our Galaxy, Sagittarius~A$^\star$ (Sgr A$^\star$), are routinely observed over the last decade or so. Despite numerous observational and theoretical efforts, the nature of such flares still remains poorly understood, although a few phenomenological scenarios have been proposed. In this work, we develop the Yuan et al. (2009) scenario into a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model for Sgr A$^\star$ flares. This model is analogous with the theory of solar flares and coronal mass ejection in solar physics. In the model, magnetic field loops emerge from the accre…
A powerful outburst of X-ray radiation from the supermassive black hole Sgr A* at the center of the Milky Way is believed to be responsible for the illumination of molecular clouds in the central ~100 pc of the Galaxy (Sunyaev et al., 1993, Koyama et al., 1996). The reflected/reprocessed radiation comes to us with a delay corresponding to the light propagation time that depends on the 3D position of molecular clouds with respect to Sgr A*. We suggest a novel way of determining the age of the outburst and positions of the clouds by studying characteristic imprints left by the outburst in the sp…
The radiative counterpart of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic center (GC), Sgr A*, is subject to frequent flares visible simultaneously in X-rays and near-infrared (NIR). Often, enhanced radio variability from centimeter to sub-millimeter wavelengths is observed to follow these X-ray/NIR eruptions. We present here a multi-wavelength campaign carried out in April 2009, with the aim of characterizing this broadband flaring activity. Concurrent data from the XMM-Newton/EPIC (2-10 keV), VLT/NACO (2.1 microns, 3.8 microns), APEX/LABOCA (870 microns), and Fermi/LAT (0.1-200 GeV) instrumen…
The near-infrared (NIR) and X-ray emission of Sagittarius A* shows occasional bright flares that are assumed to originate from the innermost region of the accretion flow. We identified $25$ $4.5 μm$ and $24$ X-ray flares in archival data obtained with the \textit{Spitzer} and \textit{Chandra} observatories. With the help of general relativistic ray-tracing code, we modeled trajectories of ``hot spots'' and studied the light curves of the flares for signs of the effects of general relativity. Despite their apparent diversity in shape, all flares share a common, exponential impulse response, a c…
We present evidence for Quasi Periodic Oscillations (QPOs) in the recurrent outburst activity from SGR 1806-20 using Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations during November 1996. Searching for QPOs in a sample of 30 bursts at similar frequencies to those previously reported in the December 27, 2004 giant flare, we find evidence for a QPO in a burst at 648 Hz at 5.17σ confidence level, lying within 3.75% from the 625 Hz QPO discovered in the giant flare. Two additional features are also detected around 84 and 103 Hz in two other bursts at 4.2σ and 4.8σ confidence level, respectively, wh…
Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy, is known to be a variable source of X-ray, near-infrared (NIR), and submillimeter (submm) radiation and therefore a prime candidate to study the electromagnetic radiation generated by mass accretion flow onto a black hole and/or a related jet. Disentangling the power source and emission mechanisms of this variability is a central challenge to our understanding of accretion flows around SMBHs. Simultaneous multiwavelength observations of the flux variations and their time correlations can play an important role in…
Improved analysis of time delays between radio wavelengths and X-ray of Sgr A* flares in the shock oscillation model
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica（中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所）；Hakodate Campus, Hokkaido University of Education（函馆校区 北海道教育大学）；Calle 134A No. 148A 21 San Pedro de Tibabuyes, Suba - Bogotá, Colombia（无明确机构名称）
We report on the study of 14 XMM-Newton observations of the magnetar SGR 1806-20 spread over a period of 8 years, starting in 2003 and extending to 2011. We find that in mid 2005, a year and a half after a giant flare (GF), the torques on the star increased to the largest value yet seen, with a long term average rate between 2005 and 2011 of $\lvert\dotν\rvert\approx1.35\times10^{-11}$ Hz s$^{-1}$, an order of magnitude larger than its historical level measured in 1995. The pulse morphology of the source is complex in the observations following the GF, while its pulsed-fraction remained consta…
