Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication is a key enabler for future cooperative automated driving and safety-related applications. The requirements they demand in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) performance vary according to the use case. For instance, Day-1 applications such as Emergency Brake Light warning have less strict requirements than remote driving. In this paper, we seek to answer two questions: Are current LTE networks ready to support Day-1 applications at all times? And, can underperforming situations be reliably predicted based on GPS and network-related information? To address these questions, we first implement a system that collects positioning data and LTE key performance indicators (KPIs) with a higher time resolution than commercial off-the-shelf LTE modems, while simultaneously measuring the end-to-end (E2E) delay of an LTE network. We then use this system to assess the readiness of multiple mobile network operators (MNOs) and a live Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) deployment in an urban scenario. For evaluating whether an adaptable operation is possible in adverse circumstances, e.g., by performing hybrid networking or graceful degradation, we finally use Machine Learning to generate a client-based QoS predictor and forecast the achievable QoS levels.
Network operators are looking towards LTE License Assisted Access (LAA) as a means of extending capacity by offloading traffic to unlicensed bands. However, operation in these bands requires abiding to certain coexistence rules in terms of channel access. The description of these rules in existing literature is not always in line with the latest standards. Therefore, in this paper, we clarify the operation of LAA, focusing on channel access and methods of providing Quality of Service (QoS) support. In terms of coexistence, we evaluate the impact of LAA under its various QoS settings on Wi-Fi p…
Future cellular networks will be dense and require key traffic management technologies for fine-grained network control. The problem gets more complicated in the presence of different network segments with bottleneck links limiting the desired quality of service (QoS) delivery to the last mile user. In this work, we first design a framework for software-defined cellular networks (SDCN) and then propose new mechanisms for management of QoS and non-QoS users traffic considering both access and backhaul networks, jointly. The overall SDN-LTE system and related approaches are developed and tested …
The number of LTE users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-Advanced supports Heterogeneous Networks deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macro-cells only. These ba…
In addition to autonomous car operation, in many cases it is desirable to let a human drive the vehicle remotely. To make remote operation possible, it is very critical to have a low and predictable latency to transmit video from the car cameras and receive control commands back. In this paper, we analyze the problem and present a communication and video streaming system that addresses the latency challenges and enables teleoperation of a real car over commercially available LTE network; demonstrating sub-50ms roundtrip latencies for 720p, 60FPS video, with average PSNR 36db.
LTE evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (eMBMS) is an attractive solution for video delivery to very large groups in crowded venues. However, deployment and management of eMBMS systems is challenging, due to the lack of realtime feedback from the User Equipment (UEs). Therefore, we present the Dynamic Monitoring (DyMo) system for low-overhead feedback collection. DyMo leverages eMBMS for broadcasting Stochastic Group Instructions to all UEs. These instructions indicate the reporting rates as a function of the observed Quality of Service (QoS). This simple feedback mechanism collects…
The third generation partnership project (3GPP) has addressed the feasibility of interworking and specified the interworking architecture and security architecture for third generation (3G)-wireless local area network (WLAN), it is developing, system architecture evolution (SAE)/ long term evolution (LTE) architecture, for the next generation mobile communication system. To provide a secure 3G-WLAN interworking in the SAE/LTE architecture, Extensible authentication protocol-authentication and key agreement (EAP-AKA) is used. However, EAP-AKA have several vulnerabilities. Therefore, this paper …
This paper covers the practical aspects of commercial long term evolution (LTE) network design and deployment. The end-to-end architecture of the LTE network and different deployment scenarios are presented. Moreover, the LTE coverage and link budget aspects are discussed in details. Theoretical and practical throughputs of LTE system are analyzed. In addition, capacity dimensioning of LTE system is explained in details and compared with the evolved high-speed packet access (HSPA+) system. Additionally, the quality of service (QoS) of the LTE system and the end-to-end implementation scenarios …
Resource allocation is still a difficult issue to deal with in wireless networks. The unstable channel condition and traffic demand for Quality of Service (QoS) raise some barriers that interfere with the process. It is significant that an optimal policy takes into account some resources available to each traffic class while considering the spectral efficiency and other related channel issues. Reinforcement learning is a dynamic and effective method to support the accomplishment of resource allocation properly maintaining QoS levels for applications. The technique can track the system state as…
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) as a mobile broadband technology supports a wide domain of communication services with different requirements. Therefore, scheduling of all flows from various applications in overload states in which the requested amount of bandwidth exceeds the limited available spectrum resources is a challenging issue. Accordingly, in this paper, a greedy algorithm is presented to evaluate user candidates which are waiting for scheduling and select an optimal set of the users to maximize system performance, without exceeding available bandwidth capacity. The greedy-knapsack alg…
Massive Machine-Type Communications (MTC) over cellular networks is expected to be an integral part of wireless "Smart City" applications. The Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) technology is a major candidate for provisioning of MTC applications. However, due to the diverse characteristics of payload size, transmission periodicity, power efficiency, and quality of service (QoS) requirement, MTC poses huge challenges to LTE/LTE-A technologies. In particular, efficient management of massive random access is one of the most critical challenges. In case of massive random access attemp…
Device-to-device (D2D) communications as an underlay of a LTE-A (4G) network can reduce the traffic load as well as power consumption in cellular networks by way of utilizing peer-to-peer links for users in proximity of each other. This would enable other cellular users to increment their traffic, and the aggregate traffic for all users can be significantly increased without requiring additional spectrum. However, D2D communications may increase interference to cellular users (CUs) and force CUs to increase their transmit power levels in order to maintain their required quality-of-service (QoS…
Synchronized Random Access Channel (RACH) attempts by Internet of Things (IoT) devices could result in Radio Access Network (RAN) overload in LTE-A. 3GPP adopted Barring Bitmap Enabled-Extended Access Barring (EAB-BB) mechanism that announces the EAB information (i.e., a list of barred Access Classes) through a barring bitmap as the baseline solution to mitigate the RAN overload. EAB-BB was analyzed for its optimal performance in a recent work. However, there has been no work that analyzes Barring Factor Enabled-Extended Access Barring (EAB-BF), an alternative mechanism that was considered dur…
During the past few decades wireless technology has seen a tremendous growth. The recent introduction of high-end mobile devices has further increased subscriber's demand for high bandwidth. Current cellular systems require manual configuration and management of networks, which is now costly, time consuming and error prone due to exponentially increasing rate of mobile users and nodes. This leads to introduction of self organizing capabilities for network management with minimum human involvement. It is expected to permit higher end user Quality of Service (QoS) along with less operational and…
Recently, there has been significant interest in the integration and co-existence of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) with other Radio Access Technologies, like IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Although, the inter-working of IEEE 802.11 WLANs with 3GPP LTE has indicated enhanced network performance in the context of capacity and load balancing, the WLAN discovery scheme implemented in most of the commercially available smartphones is very inefficient and results in high battery drainage. In this paper, we have proposed an energy efficient W…
In 5G non-standalone mode, traffic steering is a critical technique to take full advantage of 5G new radio while optimizing dual connectivity of 5G and LTE networks in multiple radio access technology (RAT). An intelligent traffic steering mechanism can play an important role to maintain seamless user experience by choosing appropriate RAT (5G or LTE) dynamically for a specific user traffic flow with certain QoS requirements. In this paper, we propose a novel traffic steering mechanism based on Deep Q-learning that can automate traffic steering decisions in a dynamic environment having multipl…
The next generation wireless standard, called Fifth Generation (5G), is being designed to encompass Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) architectures consisting of a single holistic network with Multiple Radio Access Technologies (Multi-RAT). Multiple connectivity protocols and spectrum would be managed from a common core (management system) handling both: i) traditional macro cellular systems (such as LTE), that can provide long-range, outdoor coverage, as well as ii) low-power wireless systems with high capacity (such as Wi-Fi), that can be deployed to cater indoor traffic needs. 5G HetNets are…
Compared with the legacy wireless networks, the next generation of wireless network targets at different services with divergent QoS requirements, ranging from bandwidth consuming video service to moderate and low date rate machine type services, and supporting as well as strict latency requirements. One emerging new service is to exploit wireless network to improve the efficiency of vehicular traffic and public safety. However, the stringent packet end-to-end (E2E) latency and ultra-low transmission failure rates pose challenging requirements on the legacy networks. In other words, the next g…
In recent years, long-term evolution (LTE) and 5G NR (5th Generation New Radio) technologies have showed great potential to utilize Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in optimizing their operations, both thanks to the availability of fine-grained data from the field, as well as the need arising from growing complexity of networks. The aforementioned complexity sparked mobile operators' attention as a way to reduce the capital expenditures (CAPEX) and the operational (OPEX) expenditures of their networks through network management automation (NMA). NMA falls under the umbrella of Self-Organizing …
Cellular communications are evolving to facilitate the current and expected increasing needs of Quality of Service (QoS), high data rates and diversity of offered services. Towards this direction, Radio Access Network (RAN) virtualization aims at providing solutions of mapping virtual network elements onto radio resources of the existing physical network. This paper proposes the Resources nEgotiation for NEtwork Virtualization (RENEV) algorithm, suitable for application in Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) in Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) environments, consisting of a macro evolved NodeB…
In recent years, Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything (CV2X) has been an emerging area of interest attracting both the industry and academy societies to develop, which is also a prominent emerging service for the next generation of the cellular network (5G). In the time of the development, standardization, and further improvement of 5G, so simulations are essential to test and optimize algorithms and procedures prior to their implementation process of the equipment manufactures. And CV2X communication is used for information exchange among the traffic participants with network-assisted which can red…
Seamless connectivity plays a key role in realising QoS-based delivery in mobile networks. However, current handover mechanisms hinder the ability to meet this target, due to the high ratio of handover failures, packet loss and service interruption. These challenges are further magnified in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks (HCN) such as Advanced Long Term Evolution (LTE-Advanced) and LTE in unlicensed spectrum (LTE-LAA), due to the variation in handover requirements. Although mechanisms, such as Fast Handover for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PFMIPv6), attempt to tackle these issues; they come at a high c…
Fourth Generation (4G) Wireless System will integrate heterogeneous wireless overlay systems i.e. interworking of WLAN/ GSM/ CDMA/ WiMAX/ LTE/ etc with guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) and Experience (QoE).QoS(E) vary from network to network and is application sensitive. User needs an optimal mobility solution while roaming in Overlaid wireless environment i.e. user could seamlessly transfer his session/ call to a best available network bearing guaranteed Quality of Experience. And If this Seamless transfer of session is executed between two networks having different access standards then i…
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm provides many features including hardware abstraction, programmable networking and centralized policy control. One of the main benefits used along with these features is core/backhaul network virtualization which ensures sharing of mobile core and backhaul networks among Mobile Operators (MOs). In this paper, we propose a virtualized SDN-based Evolved Packet System (EPS) cellular network architecture including design of network virtualization controller. After virtualization of core/backhaul network elements, eNodeBs associated with MOs become a part …
Benefiting from the widely deployed LTE infrastructures, the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks have been becoming a critical enabler for the emerging vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. However, existing LTE networks cannot efficiently support stringent but dynamic requirements of V2X services. One effective solution to overcome this challenge is network slicing, whereby different services could be supported by logically separated networks. To mitigate the increasing complexity of network slicing in 5G, we propose to leverage the recent advancement of Machine Learning (ML) techno…
Voice over Long-Term Evolution (VoLTE) has been witnessing a rapid deployment by network carriers worldwide. During the phases of VoLTE deployments, carriers would typically face challenges in understanding the factors affecting the VoLTE performance and then optimizing it to meet or exceed the performance of the legacy circuit switched (CS) network (i.e., 2G/3G). The main challenge of VoLTE service quality is the LTE network optimization and the performance aspects of the service in different LTE deployment scenarios. In this paper, we present a detailed practical performance analysis of VoLT…
As the next generation of wireless system targets at providing a wider range of services with divergent QoS requirements, new applications will be enabled by the fifth generation (5G) network. Among the emerging applications, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is an important use case targeted by 5G to enable an improved traffic safety and traffic efficiency. Since the V2X communication requires a low end-to-end (E2E) latency and an ultra-high reliability, the legacy cellular networks can not meet the service requirement. In this work, we inspect on the system performance of applying th…
This article presents a distributed solution to autonomous quality of service provision in cognitive radio networks. Specifically, cognitive STDMA and CDMA communication networks are studied. Based on asynchronous weak commitment search the task of QoS provision is distributed among different network nodes. Simulation results verify this scheme converges very fast to optimal solution, which makes it suitable for practical real time systems. This application of artificial intelligence in wireless and mobile communications can be used in home automation and networking, and vehicular technology. …
Technische Universität Berlin（柏林工业大学）；R3 Reliable Realtime Radio（R3可靠实时无线电公司）
The network Quality of Service (QoS) metrics such as the access time, the bandwidth, and the packet loss play an important role in determining the Quality of Experience (QoE) of mobile applications. Various factors like the Radio Resource Control (RRC) states, the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) specific retransmission configurations, handovers triggered by the user mobility, the network load, etc. can cause high variability in these QoS metrics on 4G/LTE, and WiFi networks, which can be detrimental to the application QoE. Therefore, exposing the mobile application to realistic network QoS metri…
The multi-tiered concept of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, cloudlets and clouds is facilitating a user-centric IoT. However, in such three tier network, it is still desirable to investigate efficient strategies to offer the computing, storage and communications resources to the users. To this end, this paper proposes a new hierarchical model by introducing the concept of field, shallow, and deep cloudlets where the cloudlet tier itself is designed in three hierarchical levels based on the principle of LTE-Advanced backhaul network. Accordingly, we explore a two time scale approach in which …
Device-to-device (D2D) communication in cellular networks allows direct transmission between two cellular devices with local communication needs. Due to the increasing number of autonomous heterogeneous devices in future mobile networks, an efficient resource allocation scheme is required to maximize network throughput and achieve higher spectral efficiency. In this paper, performance of network-integrated D2D communication under channel uncertainties is investigated where D2D traffic is carried through relay nodes. Considering a multi-user and multi-relay network, we propose a robust distribu…
Edge computing has gained attention in recent years due to the adoption of many Internet of Things (IoT) applications in domestic, industrial and wild settings. The resiliency and reliability requirements of these applications vary from non-critical (best delivery efforts) to safety-critical with time-bounded guarantees. The network connectivity of IoT edge devices remains the central critical component that needs to meet the time-bounded Quality of Service (QoS) and fault-tolerance guarantees of the applications. Therefore, in this work, we systematically investigate how to meet IoT applicati…
The automotive industry is rapidly evolving towards connected and autonomous vehicles, whose ever more stringent data traffic requirements might exceed the capacity of traditional technologies for vehicular networks. In this scenario, densely deploying millimeter wave (mmWave) base stations is a promising approach to provide very high transmission speeds to the vehicles. However, mmWave signals suffer from high path and penetration losses which might render the communication unreliable and discontinuous. Coexistence between mmWave and Long Term Evolution (LTE) communication systems has therefo…
In order to satisfy the ever-growing Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of innovative services, cellular communication networks are constantly evolving. Recently, the 5G NonStandalone (NSA) mode has been deployed as an intermediate strategy to deliver high-speed connectivity to early adopters of 5G by incorporating Long Term Evolution (LTE) network infrastructure. In addition to the technological advancements, novel communication paradigms such as anticipatory mobile networking aim to achieve a more intelligent usage of the available network resources through exploitation of context knowled…
In this paper, we discuss how certain radio access network optimization problems can be modelled using the concept of constraint satisfaction problems in artificial intelligence, and solved at scale using a quantum computer. As a case study, we discuss root sequence index (RSI) assignment problem - an important LTE/NR physical random access channel configuration related automation use-case. We formulate RSI assignment as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem constructed using data ingested from a commercial mobile network, and solve it using a cloud-based commercially avai…
