Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume II: DUNE Physics

深地下中微子实验（DUNE）项目

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) program

DUNE是下一代长基线中微子振荡实验，旨在测定中微子质量等级与CP破坏相位，并探测天体物理中微子及核子衰变等超出标准模型的物理现象。

DUNE的低能物理搜索

DUNE's low energy physics searches

DUNE实验通过建造液氩时间投影室等设施，精确测量中微子振荡参数，探测超新星和太阳中微子，并寻找超出标准模型的新物理现象。

Supernova Burst Observations with DUNE

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a 40-kton underground liquid argon time-projection-chamber detector that will have unique sensitivity to the electron flavor component of a core-collapse supernova neutrino burst. We present expected capabilities of DUNE for measurements of neutrinos in the few-tens-of-MeV range relevant for supernova detection and the corresponding sensitivities to neutrino physics and supernova astrophysics. Recent progress and some outstanding issues will be highlighted.

DUNE: Status and Perspectives

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) provides a rich science program with a focus on neutrino oscillations and other beyond the standard model physics. The high-intensity, wide-band neutrino beam will be produced at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) and will be directed to the 40~kt liquid argon far detector at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, 1300~km from FNAL. The primary goals of the experiment are to determine the ordering of neutrino masses and to measure the CP violating phase, $δ_{\textrm{CP}}$. The underground location of the large DUNE far detector …

DUNE：科学与现状

DUNE: science and status

本文介绍下一代长基线中微子振荡实验DUNE的科学目标（确定中微子质量层级等）、探测器构成（近/远探测器）及原型（ProtoDUNE等）的最新进展。

Photon Detection System Designs for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will be a premier facility for exploring long-standing questions about the boundaries of the standard model. Acting in concert with the liquid argon time projection chambers underpinning the far detector design, the DUNE photon detection system will capture ultraviolet scintillation light in order to provide valuable timing information for event reconstruction. To maximize the active area while maintaining a small photocathode coverage, the experiment will utilize a design based on plastic light guides coated with a wavelength-shifting compound, …

Core-Collapse Supernove Burst Neutrinos in DUNE

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a 40-kton fiducial mass underground liquid argon time projection chamber experiment, will be sensitive to the electron-neutrino-flavor component of the burst of neutrinos expected from the next Galactic core-collapse supernova. Such an observation will bring unique insight into the astrophysics of core collapse as well as into the properties of neutrinos. The recent progress on detection and reconstruction of supernova burst neutrinos in DUNE, including the contribution of the light detection systems are presented.

Snowmass Topical Report: Underground Facilities for Neutrinos

This topical report of the 2021 US Community Study on the Future of Particle Physics (Snowmass 2021) summarizes the underground facilities needs for upcoming and next generation neutrino experiments. The underground facilities needs are discussed in the context of two broad categories: accelerator neutrinos, in particular with respect to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE); and non-accelerator neutrinos, focusing on neutrinos from natural sources and on searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay.

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

This document describes the conceptual design for the Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The goals of the experiment include 1) studying neutrino oscillations using a beam of neutrinos sent from Fermilab in Illinois to the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, 2) studying astrophysical neutrino sources and rare processes and 3) understanding the physics of neutrino interactions in matter. We describe the development of the computing infrastructure needed to achieve the physics goals of the experiment by storing, cat…

DUNE中使用先进计算对末态相互作用的中微子能标测量

Neutrino energy scale measurements for final state interactions using advanced computing in DUNE

本研究利用阿贡国家实验室的先进计算，评估不同末态相互作用模型对DUNE长基线中微子实验中微子能标测量的影响。

深地下中微子实验用ColdADC的寿命研究

Lifetime study of the ColdADC for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

本文研究DUNE实验用ColdADC芯片在低温下的寿命，测量结果显示其寿命比探测器计划运行时间长数个数量级，确保实验数据质量与物理灵敏度。

惰性中微子区对深地中微子实验混合参数关联性与简并性的影响

Sterile sector impacting the correlations and degeneracies among mixing parameters at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

本文研究 DUNE 探测活性-惰性中微子混合的能力，通过解析振荡概率、GLoBES 近远探测器联合拟合及不同束流与运行时间组合，展示了带电流和中性流相互作用对宽质量平方差范围内惰性参数约束灵敏度的提升。

APEX：针对DUNE FD3优化的垂直漂移PDS

APEX: Optimized vertical drift PDS for DUNE FD3

针对DUNE第二阶段FD3模块，提出APEX光子探测系统方案，利用非导电光纤技术实现约60%光学覆盖率，提升MeV级光收集能力与GeV级能量重建分辨率，支持场笼壁完整仪器化及多通道读出，助力中微子物理等研究。

Light Detection in DUNE Dual-Phase

DUNE will be an underground neutrino oscillation experiment that will perform precision measurements of the PMNS mixing parameters, determine unambiguously the mass ordering and discover leptonic CP violation. It also comprises a rich non-accelerator physics program as the detection of supernova neutrinos, nucleon decay and BSM physics. One of the modules of the DUNE is proposed to be Dual-Phase LArTPC. Inside this module, a light detection system (LDS) is being designed, consisting on an array of photomultiplier tubes and a calibration system based on optical fibers. To fulfil the physics pro…

The DUNE Vertical Drift Photon Detection System

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a long-baseline neutrino experiment designed to mainly investigate oscillation parameters, supernova physics and proton decay. Its far detector will be composed of four liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) underground modules, in South Dakota-USA, which will detect a neutrino beam produced at Fermilab, 1300 km away, where a near detector will be in place. The second DUNE far detector module, Vertical Drift, will be a single phase LArTPC with electron drift along the vertical axis with two volumes of 13.5 m x 6.5 m x 60 m dimensions se…

Status of ProtoDUNE Dual Phase

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a dual-site experiment for long baseline neutrino oscillation studies, and for neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. DUNE will comprise four 10 kton fiducial liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LAr TPC) modules placed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (South Dakota, USA). One of these modules will profit form the dual phase (DP) technology where the charge is extracted, amplified, and detected in gaseous argon above the liquid surface allowing a fine readout pitch, a low energy threshold, and good pattern reconstructio…

用于DUNE冷电子学开发的ICEBERG测试台

The ICEBERG Test Stand for DUNE Cold Electronics Development

本文介绍费米实验室ICEBERG液氩时间投影室测试台，通过分析噪声、脉冲和宇宙射线数据为DUNE丝线读出电子学配置提供建议，并开发绝对能量标度校准方法及AI事件识别技术。

Can Lorentz Invariance Violation affect the Sensitivity of Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment?

We examine the impact of Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) in measuring the octant of $θ_{23}$ and CP phases in the context of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). We consider the CPT-violating LIV parameters involving $e - μ$ ($a_{eμ}$) and $e - τ$ ($a_{eτ}$) flavors, which induce an additional interference term in neutrino and antineutrino appearance probabilities. This new interference term depends on both the standard CP phase $δ$ and the new dynamical CP phase $φ_{eμ}$/$φ_{eτ}$, giving rise to new degeneracies among ($θ_{23}$, $δ$, $φ$). Taking one LIV parameter at-a-time and…

利用中性流探测增强 DUNE 的太阳中微子能力

Enhancing DUNE's solar neutrino capabilities with neutral-current detection

本文提出 DUNE 可通过氩上的中性流相互作用精确测量 8B 太阳中微子总通量，结合带电流及电子散射测量实现类似 SNO 的比较，从而精确测定太阳中微子混合参数，并与 JUNO 反应堆结果联合检验新物理。

Optimal configurations of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

We perform a comprehensive study of the ability of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to answer outstanding questions in the neutrino sector. We consider the sensitivities to the mass hierarchy, the octant of θ_{23} and to CP violation using data from beam and atmospheric neutrinos. We evaluate the dependencies on the precision with which θ_{13} will be measured by reactor experiments, on the detector size, beam power and exposure time, on detector magnetization, and on the systematic uncertainties achievable with and without a near detector. We find that a 35 kt far detector in D…

大型语言模型整合用于DUNE实验的知识检索与交互

Large Language Model Integration for Knowledge Retrieval and Interaction for the DUNE Experiment

DUNE-GPT利用大型语言模型和检索增强生成技术，实现对DUNE实验内部文档的自然语言查询，提升协作效率与数据隐私保护。

DUNE液氩时间投影室能量重建与刻度技术

Energy reconstruction and calibration techniques of the DUNE LArTPC

本文针对DUNE液氩时间投影室远探测器，提出并验证了基于停止宇宙线μ子、π介子和质子的能量刻度与重建技术，并实现了π0质量重建，为精确测量CP破坏和中微子质量顺序奠定基础。

ARAPUCA，DUNE实验的光捕获装置

ARAPUCA, light trapping device for the DUNE experiment

DUNE实验采用ARAPUCA光捕获装置提高中微子探测效率，实现高精度测量。

Snowmass 2021 Underground Facilities & Infrastructure Frontier Report

The decade since Snowmass 2013 has seen extraordinary progress of high energy physics research performed--or planned for--at underground facilities. Drs. T. Kajita and A.B. McDonald were awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of neutrino oscillation, which show that neutrinos have mass. The U.S. has embarked on the development of the world-class LBNF/DUNE science program to investigate neutrino properties. The Generation 2 dark matter program is advancing to full data collection in the coming 5 years, a Dark Matter New Initiatives program has begun, and the U.S. dark matter …

False Signals of CP-Invariance Violation at DUNE

One of the main goals of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is to look for new sources of CP-invariance violation. Another is to significantly test the three-massive-neutrinos paradigm. Here, we show that there are CP-invariant new physics scenarios which, as far as DUNE data are concerned, cannot be distinguished from the three-massive-neutrinos paradigm with very large CP-invariance violating effects. We discuss examples with non-standard neutrino interactions and with a fourth neutrino mass eigenstate. We briefly discuss how ambiguities can be resolved by combining DUNE data wi…

DUNE-PRISM：利用可移动中微子探测器降低中微子相互作用模型依赖性

DUNE-PRISM: Reducing neutrino interaction model dependence with a movable neutrino detector

DUNE实验的PRISM系统通过移动近探测器测量离轴中微子能谱，降低相互作用模型系统不确定性，并利用线性组合预测远探测器能谱。

Matter Density Profile Shape Effects at DUNE

Quantum mechanical interactions between neutrinos and matter along the path of propagation, the Wolfenstein matter effect, are of particular importance for the upcoming long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, specifically the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). Here, we explore specifically what about the matter density profile can be measured by DUNE, considering both the shape and normalization of the profile between the neutrinos' origin and detection. Additionally, we explore the capability of a perturbative method for calculating neutrino oscillation probabilities and whe…

Enhancement of the X-Arapuca photon detection device for the DUNE experiment

In the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), the VUV LAr luminescence is collected by light trap devices named X-Arapuca, sizing (480x93) mm2. Six thousand of these units will be deployed in the first DUNE ten kiloton far detector module. In this work we present the first characterization of the photon detection efficiency of an X-Arapuca device sizing (200x75) mm2 via a complete and accurate set of measurements along the cell longitudinal axis with a movable 241-Am source. The MPPCs photosensors are readout by a cryogenic transimpedance amplifier to enhance the single photoelectron sen…

SiPMs characterization and selection for the DUNE far detector photon detection system

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) together with the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) hosted at the Fermilab will provide a unique, world-leading program for the exploration of key questions at the forefront of neutrino physics and astrophysics. CP violation in neutrino flavor mixing is one of its most important potential discoveries. Additionally, the experiment will determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and precisely measure the neutrino mixing parameters which may potentially reveal new fundamental symmetries of nature. Moreover, the DUNE is also designed for the observat…

Hunting On- and Off-Axis for Light Dark Matter with DUNE-PRISM

We explore the sensitivity of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) near detector and the proposed DUNE-PRISM movable near detector to sub-GeV dark matter, specifically scalar dark matter coupled to the Standard Model via a sub-GeV dark photon. We consider dark matter produced in the DUNE target that travels to the detector and scatters off electrons. By combining searches for dark matter at many off-axis positions with DUNE-PRISM, sensitivity to this scenario can be much stronger than when performing a measurement at one on-axis position.

短距离类DUNE装置中的轻子中性流探针

Leptonic neutral-current probes in a short-distance DUNE-like setup

本研究提出在类DUNE短距离近探测器装置中，通过精确测量中微子-电子散射来检验非最小弱相互作用形式，该过程虽统计量低但本底干净，可补充振荡研究结果并揭示低标度跷跷板机制的中微子质量产生标度。

利用DUNE探测宇宙射线增能暗物质的前景

Prospects of detecting cosmic ray up-scattered dark matter with DUNE

本文研究利用DUNE实验探测宇宙射线增能的亚GeV暗物质，发现其对自旋无关和自旋相关相互作用均具有与专用直接探测实验相当的灵敏度，提供关键优势。

First Demonstration of a Pixelated Charge Readout for Single-Phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers

Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) have been selected for the future long-baseline Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). To allow LArTPCs to operate in the high-multiplicity near detector environment of DUNE, a new charge readout technology is required. Traditional charge readout technologies introduce intrinsic ambiguities, combined with a slow detector response, these ambiguities have limited the performance of LArTPCs, until now. Here, we present a novel pixelated charge readout that enables the full 3D tracking capabilities of LArTPCs. We characterise the signal to nois…

DUNE远距离探测器原型的低能量标定

Low energy calibration in DUNE far detector prototypes

DUNE原型探测器利用天然$^{39}$Ar衰变进行低能量标定，通过分析宇宙线和束流数据提取标定因子与复合因子，验证了MeV尺度重建能力，支持DUNE低能量物理目标。

DUNE水平漂移远探测器X-Arapuca光收集效率优化

Optimization of the X-Arapuca Photon Collection Efficiency for the DUNE Horizontal Drift Far Detector

本文通过优化X-Arapuca光收集系统，提升了DUNE远探测器水平漂移模块的光子收集效率，实现了约84%的性能提升，为探测器长期稳定运行提供保障。

研究洛伦兹不变性破缺对深地中微子实验CP灵敏度的影响

Investigating the effects of Lorentz Invariance Violation on the CP-sensitivities of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

本研究在标准模型扩展框架下，以深地中微子实验（DUNE）为对象，探究洛伦兹不变性破缺（LIV）对中微子振荡参数、质量诱导振荡概率及CP测量灵敏度的影响，并分析DUNE约束LIV参数的能力。

Heavy Axion Opportunities at the DUNE Near Detector

While the QCD axion is often considered to be necessarily light ($\lesssim$ eV), recent work has opened a viable and interesting parameter space for heavy axions, which solve both the Strong CP and the axion Quality Problems. These well-motivated heavy axions, as well as the generic axion-like-particles, call for explorations in the GeV mass realm at collider and beam dump environments. The primary upcoming neutrino experiment, Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), is simultaneously also a powerful beam dump experiment, enabled by its multipurpose Near Detector (ND) complex. In this stu…

SPY：用于高压气体TPC中微子探测器的磁体系统

SPY: A Magnet System for a High-pressure Gaseous TPC Neutrino Detector

本文提出SPY磁体系统概念设计，兼具提供径迹分析所需磁场和作为高压气体氩TPC压力容器的双重功能，服务于DUNE近探测器方案。

X-ARAPUCA在深地中微子实验垂直漂移远探测器中的绝对光子探测效率测量

Measurement of the X-ARAPUCA's Absolute Photon Detection Efficiency for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment's Vertical Drift Far Detector

本文通过液氩低温装置测量了DUNE垂直漂移模块中X-ARAPUCA光子探测系统的绝对效率，发现无二向色滤光片的配置效率提升高达18%。

Extricating New Physics Scenarios at DUNE with High Energy Beams

The proposed Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) utilizes a wide-band on-axis tunable muon-(anti)neutrino beam with a baseline of 1300 km to search for CP violation with high precision. Given the long baseline, DUNE is also sensitive to effects due to non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) which can interfere with the standard 3-flavor oscillation paradigm. In this Letter, we exploit the tunability of the DUNE neutrino beam over a wide-range of energies and utilize a new theoretical metric to devise an experimental strategy for separating oscillation effects due to NSI from the stand…

DUNE远端探测器中的光纤信号与功率传输

Signal and Power transmission over Fiber in the DUNE Far Detector

针对DUNE垂直漂移液氩时间投影室光探测系统的新型布设带来的供电与信号读出需用非导电材料的技术挑战，DUNE合作组开发了光纤供电与传信技术，并完成了实验室表征和CERN原型测试。

Non-standard Neutrino Interactions at DUNE

We explore the effects of non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) and how they modify neutrino propagation in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). We find that NSI can significantly modify the data to be collected by the DUNE experiment as long as the new physics parameters are large enough. For example, If the DUNE data are consistent with the standard three-massive-neutrinos paradigm, order 0.1 (in units of the Fermi constant) NSI effects will be ruled out. On the other hand, if large NSI effects are present, DUNE will be able to not only rule out the standard paradigm but also …

低温下FBK NUV-HD-Cryo 3T硅光电倍增管传感器的特性分析用于DUNE光子探测系统

Cryogenic characterization of FBK NUV-HD-Cryo 3T SiPM sensors for the DUNE photon detection system

本文研究了FBK NUV-HD-Cryo 3T SiPM传感器在低温下的性能，用于DUNE中微子探测系统。

Maximising the DUNE early physics output with current experiments

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a proposed next generation superbeam experiment at Fermilab. Its aims include measuring the unknown neutrino oscillation parameters -- the neutrino mass hierarchy, the octant of the mixing angle $θ_{23}$ and the CP violating phase $δ_{CP}$. The current and upcoming experiments T2K, NOvA and ICAL@INO will also be collecting data for the same measurements. In this paper, we explore the sensitivity reach of DUNE in combination with these other experiments. We evaluate the least exposure required by DUNE to determine the above three unknown parame…

Non-standard interactions and the resolution of ordering of neutrino masses at DUNE and other long baseline experiments

In the era of precision neutrino physics, we study the influence of matter NSI on the question of neutrino mass ordering and its resolution. At long baseline experiments, since matter effects play a crucial role in addressing this very important question, it is timely to investigate how sub-leading effects due to NSI may affect and drastically alter inferences pertaining to this question. We demonstrate that the sensitivity to mass ordering gets significantly impacted due to NSI effects for various long baseline experiments including the upcoming long baseline experiment, Deep Underground Neut…

Deep-Learning-Based Kinematic Reconstruction for DUNE

In the framework of three-active-neutrino mixing, the charge parity phase, the neutrino mass ordering, and the octant of $θ_{23}$ remain unknown. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment, which aims to address these questions by measuring the oscillation patterns of $ν_μ/ν_e$ and $\barν_μ/\barν_e$ over a range of energies spanning the first and second oscillation maxima. DUNE far detector modules are based on liquid argon TPC (LArTPC) technology. A LArTPC offers excellent spatial resolution, high neutrino detection effic…

DUNE 实验中惰性中微子的基线及其他效应

Baseline and other effects for a sterile neutrino at DUNE

本文研究 DUNE 对惰性中微子的灵敏度，发现考虑中微子产生点信息会显著影响排除能力，而精确振荡公式对灵敏度影响不大。

Degeneracy between $θ_{23}$ octant and neutrino non-standard interactions at DUNE

We expound in detail the degeneracy between the octant of $θ_{23}$ and flavor-changing neutral-current non-standard interactions (NSI's) in neutrino propagation, considering the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) as a case study. In the presence of such NSI parameters involving the $e-μ$ ($\varepsilon_{eμ}$) and $e-τ$ ($\varepsilon_{eτ}$) flavors, the $ν_μ\to ν_e$ and $\barν_μ\to \barν_e$ appearance probabilities in long-baseline experiments acquire an additional interference term, which depends on one new dynamical CP-phase $ϕ_{eμ/eτ}$. This term sums up with the well-known interfere…

DUNE近探测器处的长寿命中性费米子

Long-lived neutral fermions at the DUNE near detector

本研究利用扩展右手中微子的标准模型有效场论统一描述重中性轻子与类bino中性伴随子，确定了DUNE近探测器探测长寿命中性费米子的灵敏度范围。

Impact of Improved Energy Resolution on DUNE sensitivity to Neutrino Non-Standard Interactions

The full physics potential of the next-generation Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is still being explored. In particular, there have been some recent studies on the possibility of improving DUNE's neutrino energy reconstruction. The main motivation is that a better determination of the neutrino energy in an event-by-event basis will translate into an improved measurement of the Dirac $CP$ phase and other neutrino oscillation parameters. To further motivate studies and improvements on the neutrino energy reconstruction, we evaluate the impact of energy resolution at DUNE on an illus…

Overview of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO)

The medium baseline reactor antineutrino experiment, Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is being planed to be built at Jiangmen in South China, can determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and improve the precision of three oscillation parameters by one order of magnitude. The sensitivity potential on these measurements is reviewed and design concepts of the central detector are illustrated. Finally, we emphasize on the technical challenges we meet and the corresponding R&D efforts.

Dark Matter Detection Capabilities of a Large Multipurpose Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber

Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers are planned to comprise a central role in the future of the U.S. High Energy Physics neutrino program. In particular, this detector technology will form the basis for the 40 kton Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In this paper we take as a starting point the dual phase far detector design proposed by the DUNE experiment and ask what changes are necessary to allow one of the four 10 kt modules to be sensitive to heavy Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter. We show that with control over backgrounds and the use of low radioactivit…

Reliability studies of electronic components for the operation at cryogenic temperature

Cold electronics is a key technology in many areas of science and technology including space exploration programs and particle physics. A major experiment with a very large number of analog and digital electronics signal processing channels to be operated at cryogenic temperatures is the next-generation neutrino experiment, the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The DUNE detector uses liquid Argon at 87K as a target material for neutrinos, and as a medium to track charged particles resulting from interactions in the detector volume. The DUNE electronics [1] consists of custom-designe…

The Sanford Underground Research Facility

The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) has been operating since 2007 supporting underground research in rare-process physics, as well as offering research opportunities in other disciplines. SURF laboratory facilities include a Surface Campus as well as campuses at the 4850-foot level (1500 m, 4300 m.w.e.) that host a range of significant physics experiments, including those studying dark matter, neutrino properties, and nuclear astrophysics topics. SURF is also home to the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) that will host the international Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (D…