We study bases of the lattice generated by the cycles of an undirected graph, defined as the integer linear combinations of the 0/1-incidence vectors of cycles. We prove structural results for this lattice, including explicit formulas for its dimension and determinant, and we present efficient algorithms to construct lattice bases, using only cycles as generators, in quadratic time. By algebraic considerations, we relate these results to the more general setting with coefficients from an arbitrary Abelian group. Our results generalize classical results for the vector space of cycles of a graph over the binary field to the case of an arbitrary field.
The dicycle transversal number t(D) of a digraph D is the minimum size of a dicycle transversal of D, i. e. a set T of vertices of D such that D-T is acyclic. We study the following problem: Given a digraph D, decide if there is a dicycle B in D and a cycle C in the underlying undirected graph of D such such that B,C are disjoint. It is known that there is a polynomial time algorithm for this problem when restricted to strongly connected graphs, which actually finds B,C if they exist. We generalize this to any class of digraphs D with either t(D) not equal to 1 or t(D)=1 and a bounded number o…
Given an undirected graph $G=(V,E)$ and vertices $s,t,w_1,w_2\in V$, we study finding whether there exists a simple path $P$ from $s$ to $t$ such that $w_1,w_2 \in P$. As a sub-problem, we study the question: given an undirected graph and three of its edges, does there exist a simple cycle containing all those edges? We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such paths and cycles, and develop efficient algorithms to solve this and related problems.
The problem of finding, in an edge-weighted bidirected graph $G=(V,E)$, a cycle with minimum mean weight of its edges generalizes similar problems for both directed and undirected graphs. (The problem is considered in two variants: for the cycles without repeated edges and for the cycles without repeated nodes.) In this note we develop an algorithm to solve this problem in $O(V^2 \min(V^2, E\log V))$-time (to compare: the complexity of an improved version of Barahona's algorithm for undirected cycles is $O(V^4)$). Our algorithm is based on a certain general approach to minimum mean problems an…
A Hamilton cycle in a digraph is a cycle that passes through all the vertices, where all the arcs are oriented in the same direction. The problem of finding Hamilton cycles in directed graphs is well studied and is known to be hard. One of the main reasons for this, is that there is no general tool for finding Hamilton cycles in directed graphs comparable to the so called Pos?a `rotation-extension' technique for the undirected analogue. Let ${\mathcal D}(n,p)$ denote the random digraph on vertex set $[n]$, obtained by adding each directed edge independently with probability $p$. Here, we prese…
Using closure concepts, we show that within every undirected network, or graph, there is a unique irreducible subgraph which we call its "spine". The chordless cycles which comprise this irreducible core effectively characterize the connectivity structure of the network as a whole. In particular, it is shown that the center of the network, whether defined by distance or betweenness centrality, is effectively contained in this spine. By counting the number of cycles of length 3 <= k <= max_length, we can also create a kind of signature that can be used to identify the network. Performance is an…
We devise constant-factor approximation algorithms for finding as many disjoint cycles as possible from a certain family of cycles in a given planar or bounded-genus graph. Here disjoint can mean vertex-disjoint or edge-disjoint, and the graph can be undirected or directed. The family of cycles under consideration must satisfy two properties: it must be uncrossable and allow for an oracle access that finds a weight-minimal cycle in that family for given nonnegative edge weights or (in planar graphs) the union of all remaining cycles in that family after deleting a given subset of edges. Our se…
Generalizing a result of Conway, Sloane, and Wilkes for real reflection groups, we show the Cayley graph of an imprimitive complex reflection group with respect to standard generating reflections has a Hamiltonian cycle. This is consistent with the long-standing conjecture that for every finite group, G, and every set of generators, S, of G the undirected Cayley graph of G with respect to S has a Hamiltonian cycle.
Associative spectra of graph algebras are examined with the help of homomorphisms of DFS trees. Undirected graphs are classified according to the associative spectra of their graph algebras; there are only three distinct possibilities: constant 1, powers of 2, and Catalan numbers. Associative and antiassociative digraphs are described, and associative spectra are determined for certain families of digraphs, such as paths, cycles, and graphs on two vertices.
A reflexive cycle is any reflexive digraph whose underlying undirected graph is a cycle. Call a relational structure Slupecki if its surjective polymorphisms are all essentially unary. We prove that all reflexive cycles of girth at least 4 have this property.
We extend the edge version of the classical Menger's Theorem for undirected graphs to $n$-dimensional simplicial complexes with chains over the field $\mathbb{F}_2$. The classical Menger's Theorem states that two different vertices in an undirected graph can be connected by $k$ pairwise edge-disjoint paths if, and only if, after a deletion of any $k-1$ edges from the graph, there will still will exist a path connecting these two vertices. We introduce the notion of $k$-boundance of $(n-1)$-dimensional cycles in an $n$-dimensional simplicial complex over $\mathbb{F}_2$, which is a generalizatio…
Consider a directed analogue of the random graph process on $n$ vertices, where the $n(n-1)$ edges are ordered uniformly at random and revealed one at a time. It is known that w.h.p.\@ the first digraph in this process with both in-degree and out-degree $\geq q$ has a $[q]$-edge-coloring with a Hamilton cycle in each color. We show that this coloring can be constructed online, where each edge must be irrevocably colored as soon as it appears. In a similar fashion, for the \emph{undirected} random graph process, we present an online $[n]$-edge-coloring algorithm which yields w.h.p.\@ $q$ disjoi…
Let $D$ be a strongly connected balanced bipartite directed graph of order $2a\geq 10$. Let $x,y$ be distinct vertices in $D$. $\{x,y\}$ dominates a vertex $z$ if $x\rightarrow z$ and $y\rightarrow z$; in this case, we call the pair $\{x,y\}$ dominating. In this paper we prove: {\it If the underlying undirected graph of $D$ is not 2-connected and $max\{d(x), d(y)\}\geq 2a-2$ for every dominating pair of vertices $\{x,y\}$, then $D$ contains a cycle of length $2a-2$ unless $D$ is isomorphic to a certain digraph of order ten which we specify.
We determine the cycle packing number of a directed graph using elementary projective algebraic geometry. Our idea is rooted in the Khovanov-Rozansky theory. In fact, using the Khovanov-Rozansky homology of a graph, we also obtain algebraic methods of detecting directed and undirected cycles containing a particular vertex or edge.
CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security（CISPA赫尔姆霍兹信息安全中心）；HUN-REN–ELTE Egerváry Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization（匈牙利研究与教育国家办公室–罗兰大学Egerváry组合优化研究组）；Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O’Higgins（奥希金斯大学工程科学研究所）；Department of Operations Research, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University（罗兰大学运筹学系）；Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University（大阪大学情报理工学研究科）
We show there is an uncountable number of parallel total perfect codes in the integer lattice graph $Λ$ of $\R^2$. In contrast, there is just one 1-perfect code in $Λ$ and one total perfect code in $Λ$ restricting to total perfect codes of rectangular grid graphs (yielding an asymmetric, Penrose, tiling of the plane). We characterize all cycle products $C_m\times C_n$ with parallel total perfect codes, and the $d$-perfect and total perfect code partitions of $Λ$ and $C_m\times C_n$, the former having as quotient graph the undirected Cayley graphs of $\Z_{2d^2+2d+1}$ with generator set $\{1,2d^…
Without imposing restrictions on a weighted graph's arc lengths, symmetry structures cannot be expected. But, they exist. To find them, the graphs are decomposed into a component that dictates all closed path properties (e.g., shortest and longest paths), and a superfluous component that can be removed. The simpler remaining graph exposes inherent symmetry structures that form the basis for all closed path properties. For certain asymmetric problems, the symmetry is that of three-cycles; for the general undirected setting it is a type of four-cycles; for general directed problems with asymmetr…
Let $L$ be a set of positive integers. We call a (directed) graph $G$ an $L$\emph{-cycle graph} if all cycle lengths in $G$ belong to $L$. Let $c(L,n)$ be the maximum number of cycles possible in an $n$-vertex $L$-cycle graph (we use $\vec{c}(L,n)$ for the number of cycles in directed graphs). In the undirected case we show that for any fixed set $L$, we have $c(L,n)=Θ_L(n^{\lfloor k/\ell \rfloor})$ where $k$ is the largest element of $L$ and $2\ell$ is the smallest even element of $L$ (if $L$ contains only odd elements, then $c(L,n)=Θ_L(n)$ holds.) We also give a characterization of $L$-cycle…
Understanding how the cycles of a graph or digraph behave in general has always been an important point of graph theory. In this paper, we study the question of finding a set of $k$ vertex-disjoint cycles (resp. directed cycles) of distinct lengths in a given graph (resp. digraph). In the context of undirected graphs, we prove that, for every $k \geq 1$, every graph with minimum degree at least $\frac{k^2+5k-2}{2}$ has $k$ vertex-disjoint cycles of different lengths, where the degree bound is best possible. We also consider stronger situations, and exhibit degree bounds (some of which are best…
Let $G=(V,E)$ be a finite undirected graph. Orient the edges of $G$ in an arbitrary way. A $2$-cycle on $G$ is a function $d : E^2\to \mathbb{Z}$ such for each edge $e$, $d(e, \cdot)$ and $d(\cdot, e)$ are circulations on $G$, and $d(e, f) = 0$ whenever $e$ and $f$ have a common vertex. We show that each $2$-cycle is a sum of three special types of $2$-cycles: cycle-pair $2$-cycles, Kuratowski $2$-cycles, and quad $2$-cycles. In case that the graph is Kuratowski connected, we show that each $2$-cycle is a sum of cycle-pair $2$-cycles and at most one Kuratowski $2$-cycle. Furthermore, if $G$ is…
We consider the irreducibility of switch-based Markov chains for the approximate uniform sampling of Hamiltonian cycles in a given undirected dense graph on $n$ vertices. As our main result, we show that every pair of Hamiltonian cycles in a graph with minimum degree at least $n/2+7$ can be transformed into each other by switch operations of size at most $10$, implying that the switch Markov chain using switches of size at most $10$ is irreducible. As a proof of concept, we also show that this Markov chain is rapidly mixing on dense monotone graphs.
We describe a polynomial time algorithm for, given an undirected graph G, finding the minimum dimension d such that G may be isometrically embedded into the d-dimensional integer lattice Z^d.
We address the degree-diameter problem for Cayley graphs of Abelian groups (Abelian graphs), both directed and undirected. The problem turns out to be closely related to the problem of finding efficient lattice coverings of Euclidean space by shapes such as octahedra and tetrahedra; we exploit this relationship in both directions. In particular, we find the largest Abelian graphs with 2 generators (dimensions) and a given diameter. (The results for 2 generators are not new; they are given in the literature of distributed loop networks.) We find an undirected Abelian graph with 3 generators and…
We consider a graph observability problem: how many edge colors are needed for an unlabeled graph so that an agent, walking from node to node, can uniquely determine its location from just the observed color sequence of the walk? Specifically, let G(n,d) be an edge-colored subgraph of d-dimensional (directed or undirected) lattice of size n^d = n * n * ... * n. We say that G(n,d) is t-observable if an agent can uniquely determine its current position in the graph from the color sequence of any t-dimensional walk, where the dimension is the number of different directions spanned by the edges of…
The notion of p-competition graphs of digraphs was introduced by S-R. Kim, T. A. McKee, F. R. McMorris, and F. S. Roberts [p-competition graphs, Linear Algebra Appl., 217 (1995) 167--178] as a generalization of the competition graphs of digraphs. Let p be a positive integer. The p-competition graph C_p(D) of a digraph D=(V,A) is a (simple undirected) graph which has the same vertex set V and has an edge between distinct vertices x and y if and only if there exist p distinct vertices v_1, ..., v_p in V such that (x,v_i), (y,v_i) are arcs of the digraph D for each i=1, ..., p. In this paper, giv…
Consider a simple graph in which a random walk begins at a given vertex. It moves at each step with equal probability to any neighbor of its current vertex, and ends when it has visited every vertex. We call such a random walk a random cover tour. It is well known that cycles and complete graphs have the property that a random cover tour starting at any vertex is equally likely to end at any other vertex. Ronald Graham asked whether there are any other graphs with this property. In 1993, Lászlo Lovász and Peter Winkler showed that cycles and complete graphs are the only undirected graphs with …
We provide a complete description of important geometric invariants of the Laplacian lattice of a multigraph under the distance function induced by a regular simplex, namely Voronoi Diagram, Delaunay Triangulation, Delaunay Polytope and its combinatorial structure, Shortest Vectors, Covering and Packing Radius. We use this information to obtain the following results: i. Every multigraph defines a Delaunay triangulation of its Laplacian lattice and this Delaunay triangulation contains complete information of the multigraph up to isomorphism. ii. The number of multigraphs with a given Laplacian …
Based upon a previous work of Manjunath and Sturmfels for a finite, complete, undirected graph, and a refined algorithm by Eröcal, Motsak, Schreyer and Steenpaß for computing syzygies, we display a free resolution of the lattice ideal associated to a finite, strongly connected, weighted, directed graph. Moreover, the resolution is minimal precisely when the digraph is strongly complete.
We establish analytically several new identities connecting enumerators of different types of circulant graphs of prime, twice prime and prime-squared orders. In particular, it is shown that the semi-sum of the number of undirected circulants and the number of undirected self-complementary circulants of prime order is equal to the number of directed self-complementary circulants of the same order. Keywords: circulant graph; cycle index; cyclic group; nearly doubled primes; Cunningham chain; self-complementary graph; tournament; mixed graph
Cycles of Well-Linked Sets I: an Elementary Bound for Directed Cycle Packing
Technical University Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）；Technische Universität Berlin（柏林工业大学）；National Institute of Informatics（日本国立情报学研究所）；Universität Hamburg（汉堡大学）
Given an undirected graph $G=(V, E)$ with a weight function $c\in R^E$, and a positive integer $K$, the Kth Traveling Salesman Problem (KthTSP) is to find $K$ Hamilton cycles $H_1, H_2, , ..., H_K$ such that, for any Hamilton cycle $H\not \in \{H_1, H_2, , ..., H_K \}$, we have $c(H)\geq c(H_i), i=1, 2, ..., K$. This problem is NP-hard even for $K$ fixed. We prove that KthTSP is pseudopolynomial when TSP is polynomial.
We discuss functions from edges and vertices of an undirected graph to an Abelian group. Such functions, when the sum of their values along any cycle is zero, are called balanced labelings. The set of balanced labelings forms an Abelian group. We study the structure of this group and the structure of two closely related to it groups: the subgroup of balanced labelings which consists of functions vanishing on vertices and the corresponding factor-group. This work is completely self-contained, except the algorithm for obtaining the 3-edge-connected components of an undirected graph, for which we…
We study the number of cycles and their average length in $L\times N$ lattice by using classical method of transfer matrix. In this work, we derive a bivariate generating function $G_3(y, z)$ in which a coefficient of $y^i z^j$ is the number of cycles of length $i$ in $3\times j$ lattice. By using the bivariate generating function, we show that the average length of cycles in $3\times N$ lattice is $αN + β+ o(1)$ where $α$ and $β$ are some algebraic numbers approximately equal to 3.166 and 0.961, respectively. We argue generalizations of this method for $L\ge 4$, and obtain a generating functi…
Let $X$ be a lazy random walk on a graph $G$. If $G$ is undirected, then the mixing time is upper bounded by the maximum hitting time of the graph. This fails for directed chains, as the biased random walk on the cycle $\mathbb{Z}_n$ shows. However, we establish that for Eulerian digraphs, the mixing time is $O(mn)$, where $m$ is the number of edges and $n$ is the number of vertices. In the reversible case, the mixing time is robust to the change of the laziness parameter. Surprisingly, in the directed setting the mixing time can be sensitive to such changes. We also study exploration and cove…
We prove that the independence complexes of some grids have exponential Betti numbers. This corresponds to the number of ground states in the hard-core model in statistical physics with fermions in the vertices of the grid.
We present a polynomial complexity, deterministic, heuristic for solving the Hamiltonian Cycle Problem (HCP) in an undirected graph of order $n$. Although finding a Hamiltonian cycle is not theoretically guaranteed, we have observed that the heuristic is successful even in cases where such cycles are extremely rare, and it also performs very well on all HCP instances of large graphs listed on the TSPLIB web page. The heuristic owes its name to a visualisation of its iterations. All vertices of the graph are placed on a given circle in some order. The graph's edges are classified as either snak…
For a fixed graph H, the H-Recoloring problem asks whether for two given homomorphisms from a graph G to H, we can transform one into the other by changing the image of a single vertex of G in each step and maintaining a homomorphism from G to H throughout. We extend an algorithm of Wrochna for H-Recoloring where H is a square-free loopless undirected graph to the more general setting of directed graphs. We obtain a polynomial-time algorithm for H-Recoloring in this setting whenever H is a loopless digraph that does not contain a 4-cycle of algebraic girth zero and whenever H is a reflexive di…
Consider the random graph process where we start with an empty graph on n vertices, and at time t, are given an edge e_t chosen uniformly at random among the edges which have not appeared so far. A classical result in random graph theory asserts that w.h.p. the graph becomes Hamiltonian at time (1/2+o(1))n log n. On the contrary, if all the edges were directed randomly, then the graph has a directed Hamilton cycle w.h.p. only at time (1+o(1))n log n. In this paper we further study the directed case, and ask whether it is essential to have twice as many edges compared to the undirected case. Mo…
We study the probability that a cycle of length k in the lattice [1, n]^s does not contain more lattice points than the k vertices of the cycle. Then we generalize this problem to other configurations induced by a given graph H, introducting the chromatic zeta fuction of a graph.
We introduce a new directed graph model for social networks, based on the transitivity of triads. In the Iterated Local Directed Transitivity (ILDT) model, new nodes are born over discrete time-steps, and inherit the link structure of their parent nodes. The ILDT model may be viewed as a directed analogue of the ILT model for undirected graphs introduced in \cite{ilt}. We investigate network science and graph theoretical properties of ILDT digraphs. We prove that the ILDT model exhibits a densification power law, so that the digraphs generated by the models densify over time. The number of dir…
