Tactile Internet is an emerging concept that focuses on supporting high-fidelity, ultra-responsive, and widely available human-to-machine interactions. To reduce the transmission latency and alleviate Internet congestion, fog computing has been advocated as an important component of the Tactile Internet. In this paper, we focus on energy-efficient design of fog computing networks that support low-latency Tactile Internet applications. We investigate two performance metrics: Service response time of end-users and power usage efficiency of fog nodes. We quantify the fundamental tradeoff between these two metrics and then extend our analysis to fog computing networks involving cooperation between fog nodes. We introduce a novel cooperative fog computing concept, referred to as offload forwarding, in which a set of fog nodes with different computing and energy resources can cooperate with each other. The objective of this cooperation is to balance the workload processed by different fog nodes, further reduce the service response time, and improve the efficiency of power usage. We develop a distributed optimization framework based on dual decomposition to achieve the optimal tradeoff. Our framework does not require fog nodes to disclose their private information nor conduct back-and-forth negotiations with each other. Two distributed optimization algorithms are proposed. One is based on the subgradient method with dual decomposition and the other is based on distributed ADMM-VS. We prove that both algorithms can achieve the optimal workload allocation that minimizes the response time under the given power efficiency constraints of fog nodes.
Prior Internet designs encompassed the fixed, mobile and lately the things Internet. In a natural evolution to these, the notion of the Tactile Internet is emerging which allows one to transmit touch and actuation in real-time. With voice and data communications driving the designs of the current Internets, the Tactile Internet will enable haptic communications, which in turn will be a paradigm shift in how skills and labor are digitally delivered globally. Design efforts for both the Tactile Internet and the underlying haptic communications are in its infancy. The aim of this article is thus …
The term Tactile Internet broadly refers to a communication network which is capable of delivering control, touch, and sensing/actuation information in real-time. The Tactile Internet is currently a topic of interest for various standardization bodies. The emerging IEEE P1918.1 standards working group is focusing on defining a framework for the Tactile Internet. The main objective of this article is to present a reference architecture for the Tactile Internet based on the latest developments within the IEEE P1918.1 standard. The article provides an in-depth treatment of various architectural a…
Excessive tail end-to-end latency occurs with conventional message brokers as a result of having massive numbers of geographically distributed devices communicate through a message broker. On the other hand, broker-less messaging systems, though ensure low latency, are highly dependent on the limitation of direct device-to-device (D2D) communication technologies, and cannot scale well as large numbers of resource-limited devices exchange messages. In this paper, we propose FogMQ, a cloud-based message broker system that overcomes the limitations of conventional systems by enabling autonomous d…
The Internet has made several giant leaps over the years, from a fixed to a mobile Internet, then to the Internet of Things, and now to a Tactile Internet. The Tactile Internet goes far beyond data, audio and video delivery over fixed and mobile networks, and even beyond allowing communication and collaboration among things. It is expected to enable haptic communication and allow skill set delivery over networks. Some examples of potential applications are tele-surgery, vehicle fleets, augmented reality and industrial process automation. Several papers already cover many of the Tactile Interne…
Today, wearable internet-of-things (wIoT) devices continuously flood the cloud data centers at an enormous rate. This increases a demand to deploy an edge infrastructure for computing, intelligence, and storage close to the users. The emerging paradigm of fog computing could play an important role to make wIoT more efficient and affordable. Fog computing is known as the cloud on the ground. This paper presents an end-to-end architecture that performs data conditioning and intelligent filtering for generating smart analytics from wearable data. In wIoT, wearable sensor devices serve on one end …
In big cloud structures or large data structures, fog computing could be interpreted, referring critically to the growing issues and problems in accessing the information among the Internet of things (IoT) devices. Fog computing can be used to compute, store, control and connect smart devices to each other. IoT is an architecture of uniquely identified interrelated physical things, these physical things are able to communicate with each other and can transmit and receive information. This research presents a framework of the combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Fog computing. The bl…
The Tactile Internet (TI) is an emerging technology next to the Internet of Things (IoT). It is a revolution to develop the smart cities, communities and cultures in the future. This technology will allow the real-time interaction between human and machines as well as machine-to-machine with the 1ms challenge to achieve in round trip latency. The term TI is defined by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in August 2014. The TI provides fast, reliable, secure and available internet network that is the requirements of the smart cities in 5G. Tactile internet can develop the part of world …
Tactile Internet (TI) enables the omnipresence and exchange of tactile experiences across the global via the ultra-reliable and ultra-responsive connectivity. This article argues for coordinated multi-point (CoMP) enabled radio access network (RAN) slicing as an efficient solution that satisfies the stringent reliable and responsive connectivity requirements for supporting tactile applications. This article presents the emerging challenges when accommodating CoMP-enabled RAN slicing in the TI ecosystem and expounds the functional split of CoMP-enabled RAN. Besides, this article elaborates on t…
This paper presents a novel architecture for data analytics targeting an anticipatory learning process in the context of the Internet of Mobile Things. The architecture is geo-distributed and composed by edge, fog, and cloud resources that operate collectively to support such an anticipatory learning process. We designed the architecture to manage large volumes of data streams coming from the IoMT devices, analyze in successive phases climbing up in the hierarchy of resources from edge, fog and cloud. We discuss the characteristics of the analytical tasks at each layer. We notice that the amou…
From virtual reality and telepresence, to augmented reality, holoportation, and remotely controlled robotics, these future network applications promise an unprecedented development for society, economics and culture by revolutionizing the way we live, learn, work and play. In order to deploy such futuristic applications and to cater to their performance requirements, recent trends stressed the need for the Tactile Internet, an Internet that, according to the International Telecommunication Union, combines ultra low latency with extremely high availability, reliability and security. Unfortunate…
The fast increment in the number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices is accelerating the research on new solutions to make cloud services scalable. In this context, the novel concept of fog computing as well as the combined fog-to-cloud computing paradigm is becoming essential to decentralize the cloud, while bringing the services closer to the end-system. This paper surveys on the application layer communication protocols to fulfil the IoT communication requirements, and their potential for implementation in fog- and cloud-based IoT systems. To this end, the paper first presents a comparative…
This is the first paper to address the topology structure of Job Edge-Fog interconnection network in the perspective of network creation game. A two level network creation game model is given, in which the first level is similar to the traditional network creation game with total length objective to other nodes. The second level adopts two types of cost functions, one is created based on the Jackson-Wolinsky type of distance based utility, another is created based on the Network-Only Cost in the IoT literature. We show the performance of this two level game (Price of Anarchy). This work disclo…
The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to connect everyday physical objects to the internet. These objects will produce a significant amount of data. The traditional cloud computing architecture aims to process data in the cloud. As a result, a significant amount of data needs to be communicated to the cloud. This creates a number of challenges, such as high communication latency between the devices and the cloud, increased energy consumption of devices during frequent data upload to the cloud, high bandwidth consumption, while making the network busy by sending the data continuously, and less priv…
We evolve a methodology and define a metric to evaluate Tactile Internet based Cyber-Physical Systems or Tactile Cyber-Physical Systems (TCPS). Towards this goal, we adopt the step response analysis, a well-known control-theoretic method. The adoption includes replacing the human operator (or master) with a controller with known characteristics and analyzing its response to slave side step disturbances. The resulting step response curves demonstrate that the \textit{Quality of Control} (QoC) metric is sensitive to control loop instabilities and serves as a good indicator of cybersickness exper…
Vehicular congestion is directly impacting the efficiency of the transport sector. A wireless sensor network for vehicular clients is used in Internet of Vehicles based solutions for traffic management applications. It was found that vehicular congestion detection by using Internet of Vehicles based connected vehicles technology are practically feasible for congestion handling. It was found that by using Fog Computing based principles in the vehicular wireless sensor network, communication in the system can be improved to support larger number of nodes without impacting performance. In this pa…
Recently, the use of IoT devices and sensors has been rapidly increased which also caused data generation (information and logs), bandwidth usage, and related phenomena to be increased. To our best knowledge, a standard definition for the integration of fog computing with IoT is emerging now. This integration will bring many opportunities for the researchers, especially while building cyber-security related solutions. In this study, we surveyed about the integration of fog computing with IoT and its implications. Our goal was to find out and emphasize problems, specifically security related pr…
With rapid technological advancements within the domain of Internet of Things (IoT), strong trends have emerged which indicate a rapid growth in the number of smart devices connected to IoT networks and this growth cannot be supported by traditional cloud computing platforms. In response to the increased capacity of data being transferred over networks, the edge and fog computing paradigms have emerged as extremely viable frameworks that shift computational and storage resources towards the edge of the network, thereby migrating processing power from centralized cloud servers to distributed LA…
Smart city vision brings emerging heterogeneous communication technologies such as Fog Computing (FC) together to substantially reduce the latency and energy consumption of Internet of Everything (IoE) devices running various applications. The key feature that distinguishes the FC paradigm for smart cities is that it spreads communication and computing resources over the wired/wireless access network (e.g., proximate access points and base stations) to provide resource augmentation (e.g., cyberforaging) for resource and energy-limited wired/wireless (possibly mobile) things. Moreover, smart ci…
The few resources available on devices restricted in Internet of Things are an important issue when we think about security. In this perspective, our work proposes a agile systematic review literature on works involving the Internet of Things, authentication, and Fog Computing. As a result, related works, opportunities, and challenges found at these areas' intersections were brought, supporting other researchers and developers who work in these areas.
Fog devices are beginning to play a key role in relaying data and services within the Internet-of-Things (IoT) ecosystem. These relays may be static or mobile, with the latter offering a new degree of freedom for performance improvement via careful relay mobility design. Besides that, power conservation has been a prevalent issue in IoT networks with devices being power-constrained, requiring optimal power-control mechanisms. In this paper, we consider a multi-tier fog-based IoT architecture where a mobile/static fog node acts as an amplify and forward relay that transmits received information…
The advent of Industrial IoT (IIoT) along with Cloud computing has brought a huge paradigm shift in manufacturing industries resulting in yet another industrial revolution, Industry 4.0. Huge amounts of delay-sensitive data of diverse nature are being generated which needs to be locally processed and secured due to its sensitivity. But, the low-end IoT devices are unable to handle huge computational overheads. Also, the semi-trusted nature of Cloud introduces several security concerns. To address these issues, this work proposes a secure Fog-based IIoT architecture by suitably plugging a numbe…
With the emergence of Cloud-RAN as one of the dominant architectural solutions for next-generation mobile networks, the reliability and latency on the fronthaul (FH) segment become critical performance metrics for applications such as the Tactile Internet. Ensuring FH performance is further complicated by the switch from point-to-point dedicated FH links to packet-based multi-hop FH networks. This change is largely justified by the fact that packet-based fronthauling allows the deployment of FH networks on the existing Ethernet infrastructure. This paper proposes to improve reliability and lat…
Ultra-low latency and high reliability communications are the two defining characteristics of Tactile Internet (TI). Nevertheless, some TI applications would also require high data-rate transfer of audio-visual information to complement the haptic data. Using Millimeter wave (mmWave) communications is an attractive choice for high datarate TI applications due to the availability of large bandwidth in the mmWave bands. Moreover, mmWave radio access is also advantageous to attain the airinterface-diversity required for high reliability in TI systems as mmWave signal propagation significantly dif…
The past 15 years have seen the rise of the Cloud, along with rapid increase in Internet backbone traffic and more sophisticated cellular core networks. There are three different types of Clouds: (1) data center, (2) backbone IP network and (3) cellular core network, responsible for computation, storage, communication and network management. Now the functions of these three types of Clouds are descending to be among or near the end users, i.e., to the edge of networks, as Fog. This article presents an overview on research opportunities of Fog networking: an architecture that users one or a col…
Ultra-low latency is the most important requirement of the Tactile Internet (TI), which is one of the proposed services for the next-generation wireless network (NGWN), e.g., fifth generation (5G) network. In this paper, a new queuing model for the TI is proposed for the cloud radio access network (CRAN) architecture of the NGWN by applying power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) technology. In this model, we consider both the radio remote head (RRH) and baseband processing unit (BBU) queuing delays for each end-to-end (E2E) connection between a pair of tactile users. In our setu…
As the fog-based internet of vehicles (IoV) is equipped with rich perception, computing, communication and storage resources, it provides a new solution for the bulk data processing. However, the impact caused by the mobility of vehicles brings a challenge to the content scheduling and resource allocation of content dissemination service. In this paper, we propose a time-varying resource relationship graph to model the intertwined impact of the perception, computation, communication and storage resources across multiple snapshots on the content dissemination process of IoV. Based on this graph…
In this paper, a new queuing model for the Tactile Internet (TI) is proposed for the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) architecture of the next generation wireless networks, e.g., 5G, assisted via orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technology. This model includes both the radio remote head (RRH) and baseband processing unit (BBU) queuing delays and reliability for each end to end (E2E) connection between each pair of tactile users. For this setup, with the aim to minimize the transmit power of users subject to guaranteeing tolerable delay of users, and fronthaul and access …
The world had witnessed several generations of the Internet. Starting with the Fixed Internet, then the Mobile Internet, scientists now focus on many types of research related to the "Thing" Internet (or Internet of Things). The question is "what is the next Internet generation after the Thing Internet?" This paper envisions about the Tactile Internet which could be the next Internet generation in the near future. The paper will introduce what is the tactile internet, why it could be the next future Internet, as well as the impact and its application in the future society. Furthermore, some ch…
The next frontier in communications is teleoperation -- manipulation and control of remote environments with feedback. Compared to conventional networked applications, teleoperation poses widely different requirements, ultra-low latency (ULL) is primary. Realizing ULL communication demands significant redesign of conventional networking techniques, and the network infrastructure envisioned for achieving this is termed as Tactile Internet (TI). The design of the network infrastructure and meaningful performance metrics are crucial for seamless TI communication. However, existing performance met…
In order to improve future network performance, this paper proposes scalable intelligence-enabled networking (SIEN) with eliminating traffic redundancy for audio-visual-tactile Internet in 5G scenarios such as enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable and low latency communication, and massive machine-type communication. The SIEN consists of an intelligent management plane (ImP), an intelligence-enabled plane (IeP), a control plane and a user plane. For the ImP, the containers with decision execution are constructed by a novel graph algorithm to organize objects such as network elements and re…
Fog computing can be used to offload computationally intensive tasks from battery powered Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Although it reduces energy required for computations in an IoT device, it uses energy for communications with the fog. This paper analyzes when usage of fog computing is more energy efficient than local computing. Detailed energy consumption models are built in both scenarios with the focus set on the relation between energy consumption and distortion introduced by a Power Amplifier (PA). Numerical results show that task offloading to a fog is the most energy efficient fo…
The next frontier in communications is teleoperation -- manipulation and control of remote environments. Compared to conventional networked applications, teleoperation poses widely different requirements, ultra-low latency (ULL) being the primary one. Teleoperation, along with a host of other applications requiring ULL communication, is termed as Tactile Internet (TI). A significant redesign of conventional networking techniques is necessary to realize TI applications. Further, these advancements can be evaluated only when meaningful performance metrics are available. However, existing TI perf…
The Tactile Internet (TI) is one of the next generation wireless network services with end to end (E2E) delay as low as 1~ms. Since this ultra low E2E delay cannot be met in the current 4G network architecture, it is necessary to investigate this service in the next generation wireless network by considering new technologies such as network function virtualization (NFV). On the other hand, given the importance of E2E delay in the TI service, it is crucial to consider the delay of all parts of the network, including the radio access part and the NFV core part. In this paper, for the first time,…
Fog computing, which distributes computing resources to multiple locations between the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the cloud, is attracting considerable attention from academia and industry. Yet, despite the excitement about the potential of fog computing, few comprehensive quantitative characteristics of the properties of fog computing architectures have been conducted. In this paper we examine the properties of task completion latencies in fog computing. First, we present the results of our empirical benchmarking-based study of task completion latencies. The study covered a range of…
Tactile Internet often requires (i) the ultra-reliable and ultra-responsive network connection and (ii) the proactive and intelligent actuation at edge devices. A promising approach to address these two requirements is to enable mobile edge devices to share their communication, computation, and caching (3C) resources via device-to-device (D2D) connections. In this paper, we propose a general 3C resource sharing framework, which includes many existing 1C/2C sharing models in the literature as special cases. Comparing with 1C/2C models, the proposed 3C framework can further improve the resource …
The increasing use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices generates a greater demand for data transfers and puts increased pressure on networks. Additionally, connectivity to cloud services can be costly and inefficient. Fog computing provides resources in proximity to user devices to overcome these drawbacks. However, optimisation of quality of service (QoS) in IoT applications and the management of fog resources are becoming challenging problems. This paper describes a dynamic online offloading scheme in vehicular traffic applications that require execution of delay-sensitive tasks. This paper …
This work evaluates three Fog Computing dataplacement algorithms via experiments carried out with theiFogSim simulator. The paper describes the three algorithms(Cloud-only, Mapping, Edge-ward) in the context of an Internetof Things scenario, which has been based on an e-Health systemwith variations in applications and network topology. Resultsachieved show that edge placement strategies are beneficial toassist cloud computing in lowering latency and cloud energyexpenditure.
Fog computing is a promising paradigm for real-time and mission-critical Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Regarding the high distribution, heterogeneity, and limitation of fog resources, applications should be placed in a distributed manner to fully utilize these resources. In this paper, we propose a linear formulation for assuring the different availability requirements of application services while maximizing the utilization of fog resources. We also compare three multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, namely MOPSO, NSGA-II, and MOEA/D for a trade-off between the mentioned optimizati…
The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to connect billions of smart objects to the Internet, which can bring a promising future to smart cities. These objects are expected to generate large amounts of data and send the data to the cloud for further processing, specially for knowledge discovery, in order that appropriate actions can be taken. However, in reality sensing all possible data items captured by a smart object and then sending the complete captured data to the cloud is less useful. Further, such an approach would also lead to resource wastage (e.g. network, storage, etc.). The Fog (Edge) c…
Tactile Internet (TI) is envisioned to create a paradigm shift from the content-oriented communications to steer/control-based communications by enabling real-time transmission of haptic information (i.e., touch, actuation, motion, vibration, surface texture) over Internet in addition to the conventional audiovisual and data traffics. This emerging TI technology is expected to create numerous opportunities for technology markets in a wide variety of applications ranging from teleoperation systems and AR/VR to automotive safety and eHealthcare towards addressing the complex problems of human so…
In the long term, the Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to become an integral part of people's daily lives. In light of this technological advancement, an ever-growing number of objects with limited hardware may become connected to the Internet. In this chapter, we explore the importance of these constrained devices as well as how we can use them in conjunction with fog computing to change the future of the IoT. First, we present an overview of the concepts of constrained devices, IoT, and fog and mist computing, and then we present a classification of applications according to the amount o…
In recent years, 5G is widely used in parallel with IoT networks to enable massive data connectivity and exchange with ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC) services. The internet requirements from user's perspective have shifted from simple human to human interactions to different communication paradigms and information-centric networking (ICN). ICN distributes the content among the users based on their trending requests. ICN is responsible not only for the routing and caching but also for naming the network's content. ICN considers several parameters such as cache-hit ratio, c…
Based on the dominant paradigm, all the wearable IoT devices used in the healthcare sector also known as the internet of medical things (IoMT) are resource constrained in power and computational capabilities. The IoMT devices are continuously pushing their readings to the remote cloud servers for real-time data analytics, that causes faster drainage of the device battery. Moreover, other demerits of continuous centralizing of data include exposed privacy and high latency. This paper presents a novel Federated Filtering Framework for IoMT devices which is based on the prediction of data at the …
Fog computing offers a scalable and effective solution to overcome the increasing processing and networking demands of Internet of Thing (IoT) devices. In this paper, we investigate the use of fog computing for health monitoring applications. We consider a heart monitoring application where patients send their 30 minute recording of Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal for processing, analysis, and decision making at fog processing units within the time constraint recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) to save heart patients when an abnormality in the ECG signal is detected. The locatio…
With smart devices, particular smartphones, becoming our everyday companions, the ubiquitous mobile Internet and computing applications pervade people daily lives. With the surge demand on high-quality mobile services at anywhere, how to address the ubiquitous user demand and accommodate the explosive growth of mobile traffics is the key issue of the next generation mobile networks. The Fog computing is a promising solution towards this goal. Fog computing extends cloud computing by providing virtualized resources and engaged location-based services to the edge of the mobile networks so as to …
Fog or Edge computing has recently attracted broad attention from both industry and academia. It is deemed as a paradigm shift from the current centralized cloud computing model and could potentially bring a "Fog-IoT" architecture that would significantly benefit the future ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) systems and applications. However, it takes a series of key enabling technologies including emerging technologies to realize such a vision. In this article, we will survey these key enabling technologies with specific focuses on security and scalability, which are two very important and m…
Human sensing information such as audio (hearing) and visual (sight) or a combination thereof audiovisual are transferred over communication networks. Yet interacting sense of touch (haptic) and particularly the kinaesthetic (muscular movement) component has much stricter end-to-end latency communication requirements between tactile ends. The statements in this paper, to enable bi-directional haptic control, indeed follow the widely accepted understanding that edge computing is a key driver behind Tactile Internet aiming to bring control and user plane services closer to where they are needed.…
The smart grid utilizes many Internet of Things (IoT) applications to support its intelligent grid monitoring and control. The requirements of the IoT applications vary due to different tasks in the smart grid. In this paper, we propose a new computing paradigm to offer location-aware, latencysensitive monitoring and intelligent control for IoT applications in the smart grid. In particular, a new fog-based architecture and programming model is designed. Fog computing extends computing to the edge of a network, which has a perfect match to IoT applications. However, existing schemes can hardly …
The piling up storage and compute stacks in cloud data center are expected to accommodate the majority of internet traffic in the future. However, as the number of mobile devices significantly increases, getting massive data into and out of the cloud wirelessly inflicts high pressure on the bandwidth, and meanwhile induces unpredictable latency. Fog computing, which advocates extending clouds to network edge, guarantees low latency and location-aware service provisioning. In this article, we consider fog computing as an ideal complement rather than a substitute of cloud computing, and we propo…
