19 pages, 2 figures. Contribution to the volume "Roman Jackiw -- 80th Birthday Festschrift". Note added with important extra references and some historical remarks; some typos corrected. Two more typos corrected and a note added. Final version, to be published in the Jackiw Festschrift volume
I answer a question that Roman Jackiw asked me, and I draw some lessons from the answer. The question is: why is the Sudakov form factor larger by a factor of two, if computed for off-shell fermions, in comparison to the on-shell case? The answer sheds some light on the interplay between infrared and collinear singularities -- and the importance of factors of two.
We present the Sudakov form factor in full color $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory to four loop order and provide uniformly transcendental results for the relevant master integrals through to weight eight.
We present an analytic derivation of the full four-loop cusp anomalous dimension of $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory from the Sudakov form factor. To extract the cusp anomalous dimension, we calculate the $ε^{-2}$ pole of the form factor using parametric integrations of finite integrals. We provide uniformly transcendental results for the master integrals through to weight six and confirm a very recent independent analytic result for the full four-loop cusp anomalous dimension of the $\mathcal{N}=4$ model.
We review the results for the Sudakov form factor in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory up to the three-loop level. At each loop order, the form factor is expressed as a linear combination of only a handful scalar integrals, with small integer coefficients. Working in dimensional regularisation, the expansion coefficients of each integral exhibit homogeneous transcendentality in the Riemann zeta-function. We find that the logarithm of the form factor reproduces the correct values of the cusp and collinear anomalous dimensions. Moreover, the form factor in N=4 super Yang-Mills can be related to the le…
The four-loop Sudakov form factor in maximal super Yang-Mills theory is analysed in detail. It is shown explicitly how to construct a basis of integrals that have a uniformly transcendental expansion in the dimensional regularisation parameter, further elucidating the number-theoretic properties of Feynman integrals. The physical form factor is expressed in this basis for arbitrary colour factor. In the nonplanar sector the required integrals are integrated numerically using a mix of sector-decomposition and Mellin-Barnes representation methods. Both the cusp as well as the collinear anomalous…
Using color-kinematics duality, we construct for the first time the full integrand of the five-loop Sudakov form factor in N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory, including non-planar contributions. This result also provides a first manifestation of the color-kinematics duality at five loops. The integrand is explicitly ultraviolet finite when D<26/5, coincident with the known finiteness bound for amplitudes. If the double-copy method could be applied to the form factor, this would indicate an interesting ultraviolet finiteness bound for N=8 supergravity at five loops. The result is also expected to prov…
We study the duality between color and kinematics for the Sudakov form factors of ${\rm tr}(F^2)$ in non-supersymmetric pure Yang-Mills theory. We construct the integrands that manifest the color-kinematics duality up to two loops. The resulting numerators are given in terms of Lorentz products of momenta and polarization vectors, which have the same powers of loop momenta as that from the Feynman rules. The integrands are checked by $d$-dimensional unitarity cuts and are valid in any dimension. We find that massless-bubble and tadpole topologies are needed at two loops to realize the color-ki…
Sudakov form factors appear ubiquitously in factorized cross sections where they allow one to resum large logarithms to all orders in perturbation theory. Their exact evaluation requires numerical integrals over anomalous dimensions, which in practice can hamper efficiency. Alternatively, one can use approximate analytic solutions, which provide fast evaluation at the cost of numerical precision and loss of properties such as renormalization group invariance. We provide an exact analytic expression of the QCD Sudakov form factor which allows one to obtain fast and numerically exact results.
While radiative corrections of infrared origin normally depress high energy amplitudes (Sudakov form factors), we find that in some cases resummation of leading effects produces exponentials with positive exponents, giving rise to amplitudes that grow indefinitely with energy. The effect happens in broken gauge theories like the electroweak sector of the Standard Model, and is related to the existence of amplitudes that do not respect the gauge symmetry, and that contrary to expectations do not vanish in the very high energy limit, but rather become dominant. As a working example we consider a…
$Z^0$-boson production at low transverse momentum offers an unique opportunity to explore the non-perturbative Sudakov factor. In this paper, we employ three parameterizations of the non-perturbative Sudakov factor to calculate the $ϕ^*$-distribution and compare our results with the ultra precise experimental data. We extract the free parameters in each parameterization with a $χ^2$ analysis. The parton-momentum-fraction dependence of these free parameters is also studied by comparing the values extracted at different collision energies and different rapidity ranges.
We consider a gedanken experiment of the scattering of a current off a large nucleus to study the gluon saturation at the small-x limit and compute the Sudakov factor of this process through a one-loop calculation. The differential cross section is expressed in term of the Sudakov resummation, in which the collinear and the rapidity divergences are subtracted. We also discuss how to probe the Weizsaecker-Williams (WW) gluon distribution in the process of photon pair production in the pA collisions.
We compute the massive gauge and scalar corrections to form factors in both the Sudakov and threshold regimes up to and including two-loop orders. The corrections are calculated for processes involving two external fermions and scalars in the spontaneously broken SU(N)-Higgs model, examining a range of composite operators. Our results are general, so we discuss how our form factors are mappable from our model to the Standard Model and beyond. The effective theory formalism deployed in our work extends previous studies based on infrared evolution equations, which either neglect scalar contribut…
We consider the effect of the Sudakov factor in photon-initiated processes, corresponding to the no branching probability for the initial-state photon. We demonstrate how such a factor follows simply from the solution of the DGLAP equation for the photon PDF, and is therefore included automatically by this. We use this result to argue that the appropriate scale for the QED coupling $α$ associated with an initial-state photon is not the virtuality of the photon, but rather the factorization scale at which the photon PDF is evaluated, and therefore that the use of the on-shell renormalization sc…
We compute modifications to the jet spectrum in the presence of a dense medium. We show that in the large-$N_c$ approximation and at leading logarithmic accuracy the jet nuclear modification factor factorizes into a quenching factor associated to the total jet color charge and a Sudakov suppression factor which accounts for the energy loss of jet substructure fluctuations. This factor, called the jet collimator, implements the fact that subjets, that are not resolved by the medium, lose energy coherently as a single color charge, whereas resolved large angle fluctuations suffer more quenching.…
University of Oxford(牛津大学);CERN(欧洲核子研究组织);École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)(洛桑联邦理工学院);Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学);University of Amsterdam(阿姆斯特丹大学)
The QCD Trace Anomaly in Pion Gravitational Form Factors with Sudakov Resummation
Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento(萨伦托大学数学与物理系);INFN Sezione di Lecce(意大利国家核物理研究所莱切分部);National Centre for HPC, Big Data and Quantum Computing(高性能计算、大数据与量子计算国家中心);CNR Nanotec(意大利国家研究委员会纳米技术研究所)
Transverse Momentum and Sudakov Effects in Exclusive QCD Processes: gamma* gamma pi0 Form Factor
本文分析了横向自由度对$γ^*γ\to π^0$跃迁基本硬独占振幅QCD计算的影响。本文详细讨论了Sterman等人的修正因式分解法(MFA)与标准因式分解法(SFA)之间的关系。在Feynman规范下,我们从SFA的单圈系数函数构造了MFA的基本构建块,证明了Sudakov效应与高扭曲修正明显不同。我们还表明,手提袋型图,与天真的期望相反,不包含一个无限的链的$(M^2/Q^2)^n$更正:他们只来自图表与横向胶子发射的硬传播。在QCD求和规则方法中出现了一个更简单的图像:软$\bar q G ... G q$ Fock分量上的和与由局部轴向电流产生的$\bar qq$态是对偶的。我们结合的结果与pQCD辐射修正的基础上QCD求和规则,并观察到我们的曲线的渐近和CZ分布振幅之间的差距是足够大的实验区分它们之间。
The light-like cusp anomalous dimension is a universal function in the analysis of infrared divergences. In maximally ($\mathcal{N}=4$) supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (SYM) in the planar limit, it is known, in principle, to all loop orders. The non-planar corrections are not known in any theory, with the first appearing at the four-loop order. The simplest quantity which contains this correction is the four-loop two-point form factor of the stress tensor multiplet. This form factor was largely obtained in integrand form in a previous work for $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM, up to a free parameter. In t…
Analytical Solution of the Sudakov--BFKL Interpolation Equation for Small-$x$ Gluon TMDs
Guizhou Key Laboratory in Physics and Related Areas, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics(贵州财经大学);School of Arts and Sciences, Guangzhou Maritime University(广州航海学院);Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE), and Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University(华中师范大学)
We study the transverse momentum spectrum of dilepton produced in the unpolarized $π^- N$ Drell-Yan process, using transverse momentum dependent factorization up to next-to-logarithmic order of QCD. We extract the nonperturbative Sudakov form factor for the pion in the evolution formalism of the unpolarized TMD distribution function, by fitting the experimental data collected by the E615 Collaboration at Fermilab. With the extracted Sudakov factor, we calculate the normalized differential cross section with respect to transverse momentum of the dimuon and compare it with the recent measurement…
In the asymptotic limit $Q^2 \gg m^2$, the heavy quark form factors exhibit Sudakov behavior. We study the corresponding renormalization group equations of the heavy quark form factors which do not only govern the structure of infrared divergences, but also control the high energy logarithms. This enables us to obtain the complete logarithmic three--loop and partial four--loop contributions to the heavy quark form factors in perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics.