Heinz-Jürgen Schmidt, Jochen Gemmer
We sketch applications of the so-called J-equation to quantum information theory concerning fundamental properties of the von Neumann entropy. The J-equation has recently be proposed as a sort of progenitor of the various versions of the Jarzynski equation. It has been derived within a general framework of sequential measurements that is slightly generalised here.
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The relation between projective measurements and generalized quantum measurements is a fundamental problem in quantum physics, and clarifying this issue is also important to quantum technologies. While it has been intuitively known that projective measurements can be constructed from sequential generalized or weak measurements, there is still lack of a proof of this hypothesis in general cases. Here we prove it from the perspective of quantum channels. We show that projective measurements naturally arise from sequential generalized measurements in the asymptotic limit. Specifically, a selectiv…
Unavoidable disturbance caused by a quantum measurement implies that the realizable subsequent measurements are getting limited after one performs some measurement. The obvious general limitation that one cannot circumvent by sequential or any other method is that the actually implemented measurements must be jointly measurable. In this work we show that any jointly measurable pair of observables can be obtained in a sequential measurement scheme, even if the second observable would be decided after the first measurement. This universality feature holds only for measurement schemes with a spec…
Sequential measurements and the Kochen-Specker arguments
本文证明在仅允许顺序测量的条件下，Peres-Mermin正方形可容纳值确定的非上下文隐变量模型，并分析了两个近期顺序测量实验及其隐变量解释。
State discrimination is a useful test problem with which to clarify the power and limitations of different classes of measurement. We consider the problem of discriminating between given states of a bi-partite quantum system via sequential measurement of the subsystems, with classical feed-forward of measurement results. Our aim is to understand when sequential measurements, which are relatively easy to implement experimentally, perform as well, or almost as well as optimal joint measurements, which are in general more technologically challenging. We construct conditions that the optimal seque…
We present two new quantum union bounds for sequential projective measurements. These bounds estimate the disturbance accumulation and probability of outcomes when the measurements are performed sequentially. These results are based on a trigonometric representation of quantum states and should have wide application in quantum information theory for information processing tasks such as communication and state discrimination, and perhaps even in the analysis of quantum algorithms.
Quantum backaction effects in sequential measurements
该研究聚焦序列测量中的量子反作用效应，分析其表现形式、测量强度作用及测量过程性质，为量子基础研究提供新认知，对量子测量与信息处理具有重要意义。
Sequential weak measurements of non-commuting observables is not only fundamentally interesting in quantum measurement but also shown potential in various applications. The previous reported methods, however, can only realize limited sequential weak measurements experimentally. In this Letter, we propose the realization of sequential measurements of arbitrary observables and experimentally demonstrate for the first time the measurement of sequential weak values of three non-commuting Pauli observables by using genuine single photons. The results presented here will not only improve our underst…
Enhancing low-temperature quantum thermometry via sequential measurements
本文提出低温量子测温的序贯测量协议，利用输出成对相关性使信噪比随$N^2$增长并达到海森堡标度，从而显著提升温度估计与热噪声光谱分辨率。
We investigate an optimization problem of finding quantum sequential measurements, which forms a wide class of state discrimination problems with the restriction that only sequential measurements are allowed. Sequential measurements from Alice to Bob on a bipartite system are considered. Using the fact that the optimization problem can be formulated as a problem with only Alice's measurement and is convex programming, we derive its dual problem and necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimal solution. In the problem we address, the output of Alice's measurement can be infinite or contin…
We discuss the abstract structure of sequential weak measurement (WM) of general observables. In all orders, the sequential WM correlations without post-selection yield the corresponding correlations of the Wigner function, offering direct quantum tomography through the moments of the canonical variables. Spin-half sequential measurements are, on the contrary, constrained kinematically, they are equivalent with single WMs. In sequential WMs with post-selection, a new anomaly occurs, different from the weak value anomaly of single WMs. In particular, the spread of polarization $\hatσ$, as measu…
Quantifying the intrinsic randomness in sequential measurements
本文严格定义了序列测量中的量子内禀随机性，在CGLMP序列场景下量化了混合态与任意量子态在序列投影测量和序列POVM下的随机性，并利用NPA层级给出最大纠缠态与最大违背态的随机性下界。
Sequential unsharp measurement of photon polarization
本文提出基于部分偏振分束器二叉树的实验方案实现光子偏振序列非锐利测量，建立通用形式体系，并推导了后选择与再选择下的反常平均值和二阶关联函数。
We derive a state dependent error-disturbance trade-off based on a statistical distance in the sequential measurements of a pair of noncommutative observables and experimentally verify the relation with a photonic qubit system. We anticipate that this Letter may further stimulate the study on the quantum uncertainty principle and related applications in quantum measurements.
We present a new paradigm for capturing the complementarity of two observables. It is based on the entanglement created by the interaction between the system observed and the two measurement devices used to measure the observables sequentially. Our main result is a lower bound on this entanglement and resembles well-known entropic uncertainty relations. Besides its fundamental interest, this result directly bounds the effectiveness of sequential bipartite operations---corresponding to the measurement interactions---for entanglement generation. We further discuss the intimate connection of our …
Unsharp measurements are increasingly important for foundational insights in quantum theory and quantum information applications. Here, we report an experimental implementation of unsharp qubit measurements in a sequential communication protocol, based on a quantum random access code. The protocol involves three parties; the first party prepares a qubit system, the second party performs operations which return both a classical and quantum outcome, and the latter is measured by the third party. We demonstrate a nearly-optimal sequential quantum random access code that outperforms both the best …
The notion of weak measurement provides a formalism for extracting information from a quantum system in the limit of vanishing disturbance to its state. Here we extend this formalism to the measurement of sequences of observables. When these observables do not commute, we may obtain information about joint properties of a quantum system that would be forbidden in the usual strong measurement scenario. As an application, we provide a physically compelling characterisation of the notion of counterfactual quantum computation.
This work analyzes correlations arising from quantum systems subject to sequential projective measurements to certify that the system in question has a quantum dimension greater than some $d$. We refine previous known methods and show that dimension greater than two can be certified in scenarios which are considerably simpler than the ones presented before and, for the first time in this sequential projective scenario, we certify quantum systems with dimension strictly greater than three. We also perform a systematic numerical analysis in terms of robustness and conclude that performing random…
The extraction of information from a quantum system unavoidably implies a modification of the measured system itself. It has been demonstrated recently that partial measurements can be carried out in order to extract only a portion of the information encoded in a quantum system, at the cost of inducing a limited amount of disturbance. Here we analyze experimentally the dynamics of sequential partial measurements carried out on a quantum system, focusing on the trade-off between the maximal information extractable and the disturbance. In particular we consider two different regimes of measureme…
A sequential measurement of two non-commuting quantum observables results in a joint probability distribution for all output combinations that can be explained in terms of an initial joint quasi-probability of the non-commuting observables, modified by the resolution errors and back-action of the initial measurement. Here, we show that the error statistics of a sequential measurement of photon polarization performed at different measurement strengths can be described consistently by an imaginary correlation between the statistics of resolution and back-action. The experimental setup was design…
Secure and robust randomness with sequential quantum measurements
针对现有设备无关量子随机数协议性能有限的问题，本文提出利用序贯测量复用量子态的方案，证明类Tsirelson边界，构造可达边界的量子比特协议，通过数值与光子实验验证其噪声鲁棒性，为高效设备无关协议提供新思路。
Extractable Information Capacity in Sequential Measurements Metrology
该研究针对无需重置的序列测量量子传感，提出递推公式与蒙特卡罗方法计算费舍尔信息，揭示其从非线性到线性标度的转变及有限记忆约束，并建立最优序列长度判据。
Quantum correlation is a fundamental property which distinguishes quantum systems from classical ones, and it is also a fragile resource under projective measurement. Recently, it has been shown that a subsystem in entangled pairs can share nonlocality with multiple observers in sequence. Here we present a new steering scenario where both subsystems are accessible by multiple observers. And it is found that the two qubits in singlet state can be simultaneously steered by two sequential observers, respectively.
The sequential quantum random access code (QRAC) allows two or more decoders to obtain a desired message with higher success probability than the best classical bounds by appropriately modulating the measurement sharpness. Here, we propose an entanglement-assisted sequential QRAC protocol which can enable device-independent tasks. By relaxing the equal sharpness and mutually unbiased measurement limits, we widen the sharpness modulation region from a one-dimensional interval to a two-dimensional triangle. Then, we demonstrate our scheme experimentally and get more than 27 standard deviations a…
We address the problem of whether parties who cannot communicate but share nonsignaling quantum correlations between the outcomes of sharp measurements can distinguish, just from the value of a correlation observable, whether their outcomes were produced by sequential compatible measurements on single systems or by measurements on spatially separated subsystems. We show that there are quantum correlations between the outcomes of sequential measurements which cannot be attained with spatially separated systems. We present examples of correlations between spatially separated systems whose quantu…
We utilize a discrete (sequential) measurement protocol to investigate quantum process tomography of a single two-level quantum system, with an unknown initial state, undergoing Rabi oscillations. The ignorance of the dynamical parameters is encoded into a continuous-variable classical system which is coupled to the two-level quantum system via a generalized Hamiltonian. This combined estimate of the quantum state and dynamical parameters is updated by using the information obtained from sequential measurements on the quantum system and, after a sufficient waiting period, faithful state monito…
Our basic structure is a finite-dimensional complex Hilbert space $H$. We point out that the set of effects on $H$ form a convex effect algebra. Although the set of operators on $H$ also form a convex effect algebra, they have a more detailed structure. W introduce sequential products of effect and operations. Although these have already been studied, we introduce the new concept of sequential products of effects with operations and operations with effects. We then consider various special types of operations. After developing properties of these concepts, the results are generalized to includ…
A general scenario for an $N$-sequential conclusive state discrimination introduced recently in Loubenets and Namkung [arXiv:2102.04747] can provide a multipartite quantum communication realizable in the presence of a noise. In the present article, we propose a new experimental scheme for the implementation of a sequential conclusive discrimination between binary coherent states via indirect measurements within the Jaynes-Cummings interaction model. We find that if the mean photon number is less than 1.6, then, for our two-sequential state discrimination scheme, the optimal success probability…
Unsharp measurements play an increasingly important role in quantum information theory. In this paper, we study a three-party prepare-transform-measure experiment with unsharp measurements based on $ 3 \rightarrow 1 $ sequential random access codes (RACs). We derive optimal trade-off between the two correlation witnesses in $ 3 \rightarrow 1 $ sequential quantum random access codes (QRACs), and use the result to complete the self-testing of quantum preparations, instruments and measurements for three sequential parties. We also give the upper and lower bounds of the sharpness parameter to comp…
Entanglement is a fundamental resource for quantum information science. However, bipartite entanglement is destroyed when one particle is observed via projective (sharp) measurements, as it is typically the case in most experiments. Here we experimentally show that, if instead of sharp measurements, one performs many sequential unsharp measurements on one particle which are suitably chosen depending on the previous outcomes, then entanglement is preserved and it is possible to reveal quantum correlations through measurements on the second particle at any step of the sequence. Specifically, we …
We study the efficiency of estimation procedures where the temperature of an external bath is indirectly recovered by monitoring the transformations induced on a probing system that is put in thermal contact with the bath. In particular we compare the performances of sequential measurement schemes where the probe is initialized only once and measured repeatedly during its interaction with the bath, with those of measure & re-prepare approaches where instead, after each interaction-and-measurement stage, the probe is reinitialized into the same fiduciary state. From our analysis it is revealed …
Non-locality and quantum measurement are two fundamental topics in quantum theory and theirinterplay attracts intensive focus since the discovery of Bell theorem. Non-locality sharing amongmultiple observers is predicted and experimentally observed. However, only one-sided sequentialcase, i.e., one Alice and multiple Bobs is widely discussed and little is known about two-sided case.Here, we theoretically and experimentally explore the non-locality sharing in two-sided sequentialmeasurements case in which one entangled pair is distributed to multiple Alices and Bobs. Weexperimentally observed d…
Non-locality sharing for a three-qubit system via multilateral sequential measurements was deeply discussed. Different from 2-qubit case, it is shown that non-locality sharing between $\mathrm{Alice_{1}-Bob_{1}-Charlie_{1}}$ and $\mathrm{Alice_{2}-Bob_{2}-Charlie_{2}}$ in 3-qubit system can be observed, where two Mermin-Ardehali-Belinskii-Klyshko (MABK) inequalities can be violated simultaneously. What's more, a complete non-locality sharing with 8 MABK inequalities violations simultaneously can be also observed. Compared with 2-qubit case, the nonlocal sharing in a three qubit system shows mo…
A sequence of moments encode the corresponding probability distribution. Probing if quantum joint probability distribution can be retrieved from the associated set of moments -- realized in the sequential measurement of a dichotomic observable at different time intervals -- reveals a negative answer i.e., the joint probabilities of sequential measurements do not agree with the ones obtained by inverting the moments. This is indeed a reflection of the non-existence of a bonafide grand joint probability distribution, consistent with all the physical marginal probability distributions. Here we ex…
We study the transmission of classical information in quantum channels. We present a decoding procedure that is very simple but still achieves the channel capacity. It is used to give an alternative straightforward proof that the classical capacity is given by the regularized Holevo bound. This procedure uses only projective measurements and is based on successive "yes"/"no" tests only.
A basic assumption behind the inequalities used for testing noncontextual hidden variable models is that the observables measured on the same individual system are perfectly compatible. However, compatibility is not perfect in actual experiments using sequential measurements. We discuss the resulting "compatibility loophole" and present several methods to rule out certain hidden variable models which obey a kind of extended noncontextuality. Finally, we present a detailed analysis of experimental imperfections in a recent trapped ion experiment and apply our analysis to that case.
If $a$ is a quantum effect and $ρ$ is a state, we define the $ρ$-entropy $S_a(ρ)$ which gives the amount of uncertainty that a measurement of $a$ provides about $ρ$. The smaller $S_a(ρ)$ is, the more information a measurement of $a$ gives about $ρ$. In Section~2, we provide bounds on $S_a(ρ)$ and show that if $a+b$ is an effect, then $S_{a+b}(ρ)\ge S_a(ρ)+S_b(ρ)$. We then prove a result concerning convex mixtures of effects. We also consider sequential products of effects and their $ρ$-entropies. In Section~3, we employ $S_a(ρ)$ to define the $ρ$-entropy $S_A(ρ)$ for an observable $A$. We show…
Recovery of resources through sequential noisy measurements
本文提出在量子网络中利用辅助量子比特序贯执行最优非锐利噪声测量，可像投影测量一样实现节点间纠缠局域化并缓解噪声影响，为制备量子资源态及提升安全通信控制权提供了新方法。
We model a typical Bell-test experimental situation by considering that Alice and Bob perform incompatible measurements in a sequential way, with mixed orders of execution. After emphasizing that order effects will generally produce a violation of the marginal laws, we derive an upper limit for the observed correlations. More precisely, when Alice's and Bob's measurements are compatible, the marginal laws are obeyed and Tsirelson's bound limits the quantum correlations in the Bell-CHSH inequality to $2\sqrt{2}$. On the other hand, when Alice and Bob perform incompatible mixed sequential measur…
A possible alternative to the standard model of measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) is offered by the sequential model of MBQC -- a particular class of quantum computation via ancillae. Although these two models are equivalent under ideal conditions, their relative resilience to noise in practical conditions is not yet known. We analyze this relationship for various noise models in the ancilla preparation and in the entangling-gate implementation. The comparison of the two models is performed utilizing both the gate infidelity and the diamond distance as figures of merit. Our results …
Sharing tripartite nonlocality sequentially using only projective measurements
本文研究仅用投影测量和共享经典随机性共享三方非定域性，发现无偏测量下两个Charlie可共享标准非定域性，有偏测量可将共享真正非定域性的Charlie增至两个。
Sequential Semi-Device-Independent Quantum Randomness Certification
该研究在半设备无关量子随机性认证场景下，采用序列最大置信测量，构建通用框架与数值方法，提出基于半定规划对偶性的最小权衡函数计算技术，确立了序列测量链上随机性分发与认证的充分判据。
The spin-coherent-state positive-operator-valued-measure (POVM) is a fundamental measurement in quantum science, with applications including tomography, metrology, teleportation, benchmarking, and measurement of Husimi phase space probabilities. We prove that this POVM is achieved by collectively measuring the spin projection of an ensemble of qubits weakly and isotropically. We apply this in the context of optimal tomography of pure qubits. We show numerically that through a sequence of weak measurements of random directions of the collective spin component, sampled discretely or in a continu…
Probabilities enter quantum mechanics via Born's rule, the uniqueness of which was proven by Gleason. Busch subsequently relaxed the assumptions of this proof, expanding its domain of applicability in the process. Extending this work to sequential measurement processes is the aim of this paper. Given only a simple set of postulates, a probability measure is derived utilising the concept of Liouville space and the most general permissible quantum channel arises in the same manner. Super-Liouville space is constructed and a Bayesian interpretation of this object is provided. An important applica…
Recently, it has been shown that at most two observers (Bobs) can sequentially demonstrate bipartite nonlocality with a spatially separated single observer (Alice) invoking a scenario where an entangled system of two spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ particles are shared between a single Alice in one wing and several Bobs on the other wing, who act sequentially and independently of each other [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 250401 (2015)]. This has been probed through the quantum violations of CHSH inequality, i. e., when each observer performs two dichotomic measurements. In the present study we investigate how many…
Complementarity Reveals Entanglement Sharing in Sequential Quantum Measurements
该研究利用三种互补经典关联度量探究双量子比特序列测量的纠缠共享，发现弱测量更易展现纠缠共享，皮尔逊相关准则最鲁棒，揭示了测量扰动与关联恢复的关键权衡。
We demonstrate in this paper that the probabilities for sequential measurements have features very different from those of single-time measurements. First, they cannot be modelled by a classical stochastic process. Second, they are contextual, namely they depend strongly on the specific measurement scheme through which they are determined. We construct Positive-Operator-Valued measures (POVM) that provide such probabilities. For observables with continuous spectrum, the constructed POVMs depend strongly on the resolution of the measurement device, a conclusion that persists even if we consider…
Violation of a Bell inequality certifies that the underlying state must be entangled in a device-independent way, although there may exist some entangled states which do not violate such an inequality. On the other hand, for every entangled state, it is possible to find a hermitian operator called entanglement witness that can detect entanglement through some local measurements in a device-dependent method. The methods are significantly fragile to lossy detectors. To avoid such difficulties, measurement-device-independent entanglement witness based on a semi-quantum nonlocal game was proposed …
Quantum Random Access Codes (QRACs) are key tools for a variety of protocols in quantum information theory. These are commonly studied in prepare-and-measure scenarios in which a sender prepares states and a receiver measures them. Here, we consider a three-party prepare-transform-measure scenario in which the simplest QRAC is implemented twice in sequence based on the same physical system. We derive optimal trade-off relations between the two QRACs. We apply our results to construct semi-device independent self-tests of quantum instruments, i.e. measurement channels with both a classical and …
The extension of the Ramo-Schockley-Pellegrini theorem for quantum systems allows to define a positive-operator valued measure (POVM) for the total conduction plus displacement electrical current. The resulting current operator is characterized by two parameters, viz. the width of the associated Gaussian functions and the lapse of time between consecutive measurements. For large Gaussian dispersions and small time intervals, the operator obeys to a continuous weak-measurement scheme. Contrarily, in the limit of very narrow Gaussian widths and a single-shot measurement, the operator corresponds…
In this paper we study the problem of a possibility to use quantum observables to describe a possible combination of the order effect with sequential reproducibility for quantum measurements. By the order effect we mean a dependence of probability distributions (of measurement results) on the order of measurements. We consider two types of the sequential reproducibility: adjacent reproducibility ($A-A$) and separated reproducibility($A-B-A$). The first one is reproducibility with probability 1 of a result of measurement of some observable $A$ measured twice, one $A$ measurement after the other…
Genuine Multipartite Nonlocality sharing under sequential measurement
本文利用无偏弱测量，通过Seevink和Svetlichny不等式，研究n量子比特GHZ系统中单边和多边顺序测量场景下真正多体非局域性的共享，并确定共享的观测者数量上限。
We discuss sequential unambiguous state-discrimination measurements performed on the same qubit. Alice prepares a qubit in one of two possible states. The qubit is first sent to Bob, who measures it, and then on to Charlie, who also measures it. The object in both cases is to determine which state Alice sent. In an unambiguous state discrimination measurement, we never make a mistake, i.e. misidentify the state, but the measurement may fail, in which case we gain no information about which state was sent. We find that there is a nonzero probability for both Bob and Charlie to identify the stat…
Eavesdropping a Quantum Key Distribution network using sequential quantum unsharp measurement attacks
该研究分析多个连续窃听者对单边设备无关QKD网络实施量子非锐测量攻击，表明他们可在保留Bob正密钥率的同时获取秘密信息，特定情形下窃听者数量甚至可为无限。
Unlocking Heisenberg Sensitivity with Sequential Weak Measurement Preparation
本研究提出基于中心自旋序列测量的态制备协议，可无需非线性相互作用生成高度纠缠自旋态，其计量灵敏度超标准量子极限、对称耦合下达海森堡极限，为现有实验条件下的量子增强计量提供新路径。
Genuine steering is still not well understood enough in contrast to genuine entanglement and nonlocality. Here we provide a protocol which can reveal genuine steering under some restricted operations compared to the existing witnesses of genuine multipartite steering. Our method has an impression of some sort of hidden protocol in the same spirit of hidden nonlocality, which is well understood in bipartite scenario. We also introduce a genuine steering measure which indicates the enhancement of genuine steering in the final state of our protocol compared to the initial states.
Quantum systems usually travel a multitude of different paths when evolving through time from an initial to a final state. In general, the possible paths will depend on the future and past boundary conditions, as well as the system's dynamics. We present a gedanken experiment where a single system apparently follows mutually exclusive paths simultaneously, each with probability one, depending on which measurement was performed. This experiment involves the measurement of observables that do not correspond to Hermitian operators. Our main result is a scheme for measuring these operators. The sc…
Based on a sequential communication game, semi-device independent certification of an unsharp instrument has recently been demonstrated [\href{https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/ab3773}{New J. Phys. 21 083034 (2019), }\href{https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.033014}{ Phys. Rev. Research 2, 033014 (2020)}]. In this paper, we provide semi-device independent self-testing protocols in the prepare-measure scenario to certify multiple unsharpness parameters along with the states and the measurement settings. This is achieved through the sequentia…
The content of phase information of an arbitrary phase--sensitive measurement is evaluated using the maximum likelihood estimation. The phase distribution is characterized by the relative entropy--a nonlinear functional of input quantum state. As an explicit example the multiple measurement of quadrature operator is interpreted as quantum phase detection achieving the ultimate resolution predicted by the Fisher information.
Quantum measurements not only extract information from a system but also alter its state. Although the outcome of the measurement is probabilistic, the backaction imparted on the measured system is accurately described by quantum theory. Therefore, quantum measurements can be exploited for manipulating quantum systems without the need for control fields. We demonstrate measurement-only state manipulation on a nuclear spin qubit in diamond by adaptive partial measurements. We implement the partial measurement via tunable correlation with an electron ancilla qubit and subsequent ancilla readout.…
We study scenarios where a finite set of non-demolition von-Neumann measurements are available. We note that, in some situations, repeated application of such measurements allows estimating an infinite number of parameters of the initial quantum state, and illustrate the point with a physical example. We then move on to study how the system under observation is perturbed after several rounds of projective measurements. While in the finite dimensional case the effect of this perturbation always saturates, there are some instances of infinite dimensional systems where such a perturbation is accu…
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