Recently, many methods have been proposed for object detection. They cannot detect objects by semantic features, adaptively. In this work, according to channel and spatial attention mechanisms, we mainly analyze that different methods detect objects adaptively. Some state-of-the-art detectors combine different feature pyramids with many mechanisms to enhance multi-level semantic information. However, they require more cost. This work addresses that by an anchor-free detector with shared encoder-decoder with attention mechanism, extracting shared features. We consider features of different levels from backbone (e.g., ResNet-50) as the basis features. Then, we feed the features into a simple module, followed by a detector header to detect objects. Meantime, we use the semantic features to revise geometric locations, and the detector is a pixel-semantic revising of position. More importantly, this work analyzes the impact of different pooling strategies (e.g., mean, maximum or minimum) on multi-scale objects, and finds the minimum pooling improve detection performance on small objects better. Compared with state-of-the-art MNC based on ResNet-101 for the standard MSCOCO 2014 baseline, our method improves detection AP of 3.8%.
Hazara University Mansehra（哈扎拉大学曼塞赫拉）；Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre（肖卡特·汗姆纪念癌症医院与研究中心）
Pixel-level analysis of blood images plays a pivotal role in diagnosing blood-related diseases, especially Anaemia. These analyses mainly rely on an accurate diagnosis of morphological deformities like shape, size, and precise pixel counting. In traditional segmentation approaches, instance or object-based approaches have been adopted that are not feasible for pixel-level analysis. The convolutional neural network (CNN) model required a large dataset with detailed pixel-level information for the semantic segmentation of red blood cells in the deep learning domain. In current research work, we …
University of Wisconsin-Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）；UCLA（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Microsoft Research at Redmond（微软雷德蒙研究院）；Microsoft Cloud & AI（微软云与人工智能部门）
We present X-Decoder, a generalized decoding model that can predict pixel-level segmentation and language tokens seamlessly. X-Decodert takes as input two types of queries: (i) generic non-semantic queries and (ii) semantic queries induced from text inputs, to decode different pixel-level and token-level outputs in the same semantic space. With such a novel design, X-Decoder is the first work that provides a unified way to support all types of image segmentation and a variety of vision-language (VL) tasks. Further, our design enables seamless interactions across tasks at different granularitie…
The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；Noah’s Ark Lab, Huawei Technologies（华为技术诺亚方舟实验室）
Recent semantic segmentation methods exploit encoder-decoder architectures to produce the desired pixel-wise segmentation prediction. The last layer of the decoders is typically a bilinear upsampling procedure to recover the final pixel-wise prediction. We empirically show that this oversimple and data-independent bilinear upsampling may lead to sub-optimal results. In this work, we propose a data-dependent upsampling (DUpsampling) to replace bilinear, which takes advantages of the redundancy in the label space of semantic segmentation and is able to recover the pixel-wise prediction from low-…
FLIM-based Salient Object Detection Networks with Adaptive Decoders
Institute of Computing, State University of Campinas（计算学院，坎皮纳斯州立大学）；Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, LIGM（加斯顿·易弗尔大学，CNRS，LIGM）；Pontificial Catholic University of Minas Gerais（矿务天主教大学）
South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）；Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences（广东省医学科学院）；Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）
Medical image segmentation methods downsample images for feature extraction and then upsample them to restore resolution for pixel-level predictions. In such a schema, upsample technique is vital in restoring information for better performance. However, existing upsample techniques leverage little information from downsampling paths. The local and detailed feature from the shallower layer such as boundary and tissue texture is particularly more important in medical segmentation compared with natural image segmentation. To this end, we propose a novel upsample approach for medical image segment…
We present a deep learning framework for probabilistic pixel-wise semantic segmentation, which we term Bayesian SegNet. Semantic segmentation is an important tool for visual scene understanding and a meaningful measure of uncertainty is essential for decision making. Our contribution is a practical system which is able to predict pixel-wise class labels with a measure of model uncertainty. We achieve this by Monte Carlo sampling with dropout at test time to generate a posterior distribution of pixel class labels. In addition, we show that modelling uncertainty improves segmentation performance…
We present a novel and practical deep fully convolutional neural network architecture for semantic pixel-wise segmentation termed SegNet. This core trainable segmentation engine consists of an encoder network, a corresponding decoder network followed by a pixel-wise classification layer. The architecture of the encoder network is topologically identical to the 13 convolutional layers in the VGG16 network. The role of the decoder network is to map the low resolution encoder feature maps to full input resolution feature maps for pixel-wise classification. The novelty of SegNet lies is in the man…
SED: A Simple Encoder-Decoder for Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation
Tianjin University（天津大学）；Chongqing University（重庆大学）；Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）；Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center（纪念斯隆凯特琳癌症中心）；Northeastern University（东北大学）；Caliber Imaging and Diagnostics（Caliber影像与诊断公司）；SUNY Downstate Medical Center（纽约州立大学下州医学中心）；Skin Medical Research Diagnostics, P.L.L.C.（皮肤医学研究诊断有限责任公司）；University of Modena and Reggio Emilia（摩德纳-雷焦艾米利亚大学）
In-vivo optical microscopy is advancing into routine clinical practice for non-invasively guiding diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases, and thus beginning to reduce the need for traditional biopsy. However, reading and analysis of the optical microscopic images are generally still qualitative, relying mainly on visual examination. Here we present an automated semantic segmentation method called "Multiscale Encoder-Decoder Network (MED-Net)" that provides pixel-wise labeling into classes of patterns in a quantitative manner. The novelty in our approach is the modeling of textura…
Shantou University（汕头大学）；Sapienza University of Rome（罗马大学）；Pusan National University（釜山国立大学）
Inspired by the development of deep learning in computer vision and object detection, the proposed algorithm considers an encoder-decoder architecture with hierarchical feature learning and dilated convolution, named U-Hierarchical Dilated Network (U-HDN), to perform crack detection in an end-to-end method. Crack characteristics with multiple context information are automatically able to learn and perform end-to-end crack detection. Then, a multi-dilation module embedded in an encoder-decoder architecture is proposed. The crack features of multiple context sizes can be integrated into the mult…
With the advancement of remote-sensed imaging large volumes of very high resolution land cover images can now be obtained. Automation of object recognition in these 2D images, however, is still a key issue. High intra-class variance and low inter-class variance in Very High Resolution (VHR) images hamper the accuracy of prediction in object recognition tasks. Most successful techniques in various computer vision tasks recently are based on deep supervised learning. In this work, a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based on symmetric encoder-decoder architecture with skip connections is e…
Existing studies on salient object detection (SOD) focus on extracting distinct objects with edge information and aggregating multi-level features to improve SOD performance. To achieve satisfactory performance, the methods employ refined edge information and low multi-level discrepancy. However, both performance gain and computational efficiency cannot be attained, which has motivated us to study the inefficiencies in existing encoder-decoder structures to avoid this trade-off. We propose TRACER, which detects salient objects with explicit edges by incorporating attention guided tracing modul…
Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, UESTC（电子科技大学深圳高等研究院）；Tencent AI Lab（腾讯人工智能实验室）；Fujian Normal University（福建师范大学）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；University of Nottingham Ningbo China（宁波诺丁汉大学）
Semantic segmentation has recently achieved notable advances by exploiting "class-level" contextual information during learning. However, these approaches simply concatenate class-level information to pixel features to boost the pixel representation learning, which cannot fully utilize intra-class and inter-class contextual information. Moreover, these approaches learn soft class centers based on coarse mask prediction, which is prone to error accumulation. To better exploit class level information, we propose a universal Class-Aware Regularization (CAR) approach to optimize the intra-class va…
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)（阿卜杜拉国王科技大学（KAUST））；Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology（斯科尔科沃科技学院）
In most existing learning systems, images are typically viewed as 2D pixel arrays. However, in another paradigm gaining popularity, a 2D image is represented as an implicit neural representation (INR) - an MLP that predicts an RGB pixel value given its (x,y) coordinate. In this paper, we propose two novel architectural techniques for building INR-based image decoders: factorized multiplicative modulation and multi-scale INRs, and use them to build a state-of-the-art continuous image GAN. Previous attempts to adapt INRs for image generation were limited to MNIST-like datasets and do not scale t…
Deconvolutional layers have been widely used in a variety of deep models for up-sampling, including encoder-decoder networks for semantic segmentation and deep generative models for unsupervised learning. One of the key limitations of deconvolutional operations is that they result in the so-called checkerboard problem. This is caused by the fact that no direct relationship exists among adjacent pixels on the output feature map. To address this problem, we propose the pixel deconvolutional layer (PixelDCL) to establish direct relationships among adjacent pixels on the up-sampled feature map. Ou…
Space Applications Centre, ISRO（印度空间研究组织空间应用中心）；Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani（皮拉尼博拉理工学院）
This paper addresses the task of semantic segmentation of orthoimagery using multimodal data e.g. optical RGB, infrared and digital surface model. We propose a deep convolutional neural network architecture termed OrthoSeg for semantic segmentation using multimodal, orthorectified and coregistered data. We also propose a training procedure for supervised training of OrthoSeg. The training procedure complements the inherent architectural characteristics of OrthoSeg for preventing complex co-adaptations of learned features, which may arise due to probable high dimensionality and spatial correlat…
Semantic segmentation requires per-pixel prediction for a given image. Typically, the output resolution of a segmentation network is severely reduced due to the downsampling operations in the CNN backbone. Most previous methods employ upsampling decoders to recover the spatial resolution. Various decoders were designed in the literature. Here, we propose a novel decoder, termed dynamic neural representational decoder (NRD), which is simple yet significantly more efficient. As each location on the encoder's output corresponds to a local patch of the semantic labels, in this work, we represent t…
Encoder-decoder networks have found widespread use in various dense prediction tasks. However, the strong reduction of spatial resolution in the encoder leads to a loss of location information as well as boundary artifacts. To address this, image-adaptive post-processing methods have shown beneficial by leveraging the high-resolution input image(s) as guidance data. We extend such approaches by considering an important orthogonal source of information: the network's confidence in its own predictions. We introduce probabilistic pixel-adaptive convolutions (PPACs), which not only depend on image…
We propose a new network architecture, the Fractal Pyramid Networks (PFNs) for pixel-wise prediction tasks as an alternative to the widely used encoder-decoder structure. In the encoder-decoder structure, the input is processed by an encoding-decoding pipeline that tries to get a semantic large-channel feature. Different from that, our proposed PFNs hold multiple information processing pathways and encode the information to multiple separate small-channel features. On the task of self-supervised monocular depth estimation, even without ImageNet pretrained, our models can compete or outperform …
Semantic segmentation, which refers to pixel-wise classification of an image, is a fundamental topic in computer vision owing to its growing importance in robot vision and autonomous driving industries. It provides rich information about objects in the scene such as object boundary, category, and location. Recent methods for semantic segmentation often employ an encoder-decoder structure using deep convolutional neural networks. The encoder part extracts feature of the image using several filters and pooling operations, whereas the decoder part gradually recovers the low-resolution feature map…
The recent researches in Deep Convolutional Neural Network have focused their attention on improving accuracy that provide significant advances. However, if they were limited to classification tasks, nowadays with contributions from Scientific Communities who are embarking in this field, they have become very useful in higher level tasks such as object detection and pixel-wise semantic segmentation. Thus, brilliant ideas in the field of semantic segmentation with deep learning have completed the state of the art of accuracy, however this architectures become very difficult to apply in embedded…
Washington State University（华盛顿州立大学）；University of California, Davis（加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校）
The key idea of current deep learning methods for dense prediction is to apply a model on a regular patch centered on each pixel to make pixel-wise predictions. These methods are limited in the sense that the patches are determined by network architecture instead of learned from data. In this work, we propose the dense transformer networks, which can learn the shapes and sizes of patches from data. The dense transformer networks employ an encoder-decoder architecture, and a pair of dense transformer modules are inserted into each of the encoder and decoder paths. The novelty of this work is th…
Recently, semantic segmentation and general object detection frameworks have been widely adopted by scene text detecting tasks. However, both of them alone have obvious shortcomings in practice. In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end trainable deep neural network framework, named Pixel-Anchor, which combines semantic segmentation and SSD in one network by feature sharing and anchor-level attention mechanism to detect oriented scene text. To deal with scene text which has large variances in size and aspect ratio, we combine FPN and ASPP operation as our encoder-decoder structure in the se…
Event cameras are novel sensors that perceive the per-pixel intensity changes and output asynchronous event streams with high dynamic range and less motion blur. It has been shown that events alone can be used for end-task learning, e.g., semantic segmentation, based on encoder-decoder-like networks. However, as events are sparse and mostly reflect edge information, it is difficult to recover original details merely relying on the decoder. Moreover, most methods resort to pixel-wise loss alone for supervision, which might be insufficient to fully exploit the visual details from sparse events, …
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology（韩国高等科学技术研究院）
Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) have recently shown promising results in low-level computer vision problems such as optical flow and disparity estimation, but still, have much room to further improve their performance. In this paper, we propose a novel sub-pixel convolution-based encoder-decoder network for optical flow and disparity estimations, which can extend FlowNetS and DispNet by replacing the deconvolution layers with sup-pixel convolution blocks. By using sub-pixel refinement and estimation on the decoder stages instead of deconvolution, we can significantly improve the esti…
A Revisit to the Decoder for Camouflaged Object Detection
Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University（首尔国立大学数据科学研究生院）；Department of Intelligence and Information, Seoul National University（首尔国立大学智能与信息系）；Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University（首尔国立大学工业工程系）；LG AI Research（LG人工智能研究院）；LG Electronics（LG电子）；Google Research（谷歌研究院）
MaskCD: A Remote Sensing Change Detection Network Based on Mask Classification
Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology（弗莱贝格亥姆霍兹资源技术研究所）；Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf（德累斯顿-罗森多夫亥姆霍兹中心）；Technical University of Munich (TUM)（慕尼黑工业大学）；School of Information Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology（武汉科技大学信息科学与工程学院）；School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University（希夫·纳达尔大学工程学院）；Munich Center for Machine Learning（慕尼黑机器学习中心）；Lancaster University（兰卡斯特大学）
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）；Shenzhen Zhuke Innovation Technology（深圳珠科创新科技）
Semantic segmentation is pixel-wise classification which retains critical spatial information. The "feature map reuse" has been commonly adopted in CNN based approaches to take advantage of feature maps in the early layers for the later spatial reconstruction. Along this direction, we go a step further by proposing a fully dense neural network with an encoder-decoder structure that we abbreviate as FDNet. For each stage in the decoder module, feature maps of all the previous blocks are adaptively aggregated to feed-forward as input. On the one hand, it reconstructs the spatial boundaries accur…
Deep Learning for Geometric Shape Understating has organized a challenge for extracting different kinds of skeletons from the images of different objects. This competition is organized in association with CVPR 2019. There are three different tracks of this competition. The present manuscript describes the method used to train the model for the dataset provided in the first track. The first track aims to extract skeleton pixels from the shape pixels of 89 different objects. For the purpose of extracting the skeleton, a U-net model which is comprised of an encoder-decoder structure has been used…
With the immersive development in the field of augmented and virtual reality, accurate and speedy eye-tracking is required. Facebook Research has organized a challenge, named OpenEDS Semantic Segmentation challenge for per-pixel segmentation of the key eye regions: the sclera, the iris, the pupil, and everything else (background). There are two constraints set for the participants viz MIOU and the computational complexity of the model. More recently, researchers have achieved quite a good result using the convolutional neural networks (CNN) in segmenting eyeregions. However, the environmental …
UIUC（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；IBM Research（IBM研究院）；ReLER, UTS（悉尼科技大学ReLER实验室）；University of Oregon（俄勒冈大学）
Multi-scale context module and single-stage encoder-decoder structure are commonly employed for semantic segmentation. The multi-scale context module refers to the operations to aggregate feature responses from a large spatial extent, while the single-stage encoder-decoder structure encodes the high-level semantic information in the encoder path and recovers the boundary information in the decoder path. In contrast, multi-stage encoder-decoder networks have been widely used in human pose estimation and show superior performance than their single-stage counterpart. However, few efforts have bee…
Université de technologie de Compiègne（贡比涅技术大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Heudiasyc（混合智能系统与机器人实验室）；Institut universitaire de France（法兰西大学研究院）
We propose a hybrid architecture composed of a fully convolutional network (FCN) and a Dempster-Shafer layer for image semantic segmentation. In the so-called evidential FCN (E-FCN), an encoder-decoder architecture first extracts pixel-wise feature maps from an input image. A Dempster-Shafer layer then computes mass functions at each pixel location based on distances to prototypes. Finally, a utility layer performs semantic segmentation from mass functions and allows for imprecise classification of ambiguous pixels and outliers. We propose an end-to-end learning strategy for jointly updating t…
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所）
Dense pixelwise prediction such as semantic segmentation is an up-to-date challenge for deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Many state-of-the-art approaches either tackle the loss of high-resolution information due to pooling in the encoder stage, or use dilated convolutions or high-resolution lanes to maintain detailed feature maps and predictions. Motivated by the structural analogy between multi-resolution wavelet analysis and the pooling/unpooling layers of CNNs, we introduce discrete wavelet transform (DWT) into the CNN encoder-decoder architecture and propose WCNN. The high-freque…
Cell Instance Segmentation: The Devil Is in the Boundaries
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame（计算机科学与工程系，诺丁汉大学）；Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften–ISAS–e.V.（莱比锡分析科学研究所）；School of Computing and Informatics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette（计算与信息学系，路易斯安那州立大学拉斐特分校）
We propose a novel deep architecture, SegNet, for semantic pixel wise image labelling. SegNet has several attractive properties; (i) it only requires forward evaluation of a fully learnt function to obtain smooth label predictions, (ii) with increasing depth, a larger context is considered for pixel labelling which improves accuracy, and (iii) it is easy to visualise the effect of feature activation(s) in the pixel label space at any depth. SegNet is composed of a stack of encoders followed by a corresponding decoder stack which feeds into a soft-max classification layer. The decoders help map…
University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学）；KTH Royal Institute of Technology（瑞典皇家理工学院）
Object detection and segmentation represents the basis for many tasks in computer and machine vision. In biometric recognition systems the detection of the region-of-interest (ROI) is one of the most crucial steps in the overall processing pipeline, significantly impacting the performance of the entire recognition system. Existing approaches to ear detection, for example, are commonly susceptible to the presence of severe occlusions, ear accessories or variable illumination conditions and often deteriorate in their performance if applied on ear images captured in unconstrained settings. To add…
It is a challenging task to recover sharp image from a single defocus blurry image in real-world applications. On many modern cameras, dual-pixel (DP) sensors create two-image views, based on which stereo information can be exploited to benefit defocus deblurring. Despite the impressive results achieved by existing DP defocus deblurring methods, the misalignment between DP image views is still not studied, leaving room for improving DP defocus deblurring. In this work, we propose a Dual-Pixel Alignment Network (DPANet) for defocus deblurring. Generally, DPANet is an encoder-decoder with skip-c…
University College London（伦敦大学学院）；Google Inc.（谷歌公司）
Many machine vision applications, such as semantic segmentation and depth prediction, require predictions for every pixel of the input image. Models for such problems usually consist of encoders which decrease spatial resolution while learning a high-dimensional representation, followed by decoders who recover the original input resolution and result in low-dimensional predictions. While encoders have been studied rigorously, relatively few studies address the decoder side. This paper presents an extensive comparison of a variety of decoders for a variety of pixel-wise tasks ranging from class…
