Over one quarter of white dwarfs contain observable metallic debris from the breakup of exo-asteroids. Understanding the physical and orbital history of this debris would enable us to self-consistently link planetary system formation and fate. One major debris reservoir is generated by YORP-induced rotational fission during the giant branch phases of stellar evolution, where the stellar luminosity can exceed the Sun's by four orders of magnitude. Here, we determine the efficacy of the giant branch YORP effect for asteroids with nonzero internal strength, and model post-fission evolution by imposing simple analytic fragmentation prescriptions. We find that even the highest realistic internal strengths cannot prevent the widespread fragmentation of asteroids and the production of a debris field over 100 au in size. We compute the number of successive fission events as they occur in progressively smaller time intervals as the star ascends the giant branches, providing a way to generate size distributions of asteroid fragments. The results are highly insensitive to progenitor stellar mass. We also conclude that the ease with which giant branch YORP breakup can generate binary asteroid subsystems is strongly dependent on internal strength. Formed binary subsystems in turn could be short-lived due to the resulting luminosity-enhanced BYORP effect.
Producing planetary debris exterior to white dwarf Roche radii through sublimative rotational fission
Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick(系外行星与宜居性中心,华威大学);Centre for Space Domain Awareness, University of Warwick(太空态势感知中心,华威大学);Department of Physics, University of Warwick(物理系,华威大学);The Planetary Science Institute(行星科学研究所);Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin(航空航天工程与工程力学系,德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校)
Dancing with Venus in the shadow of the Earth: a pair of genetically related near-Earth asteroids trapped in a mean-motion resonance
YORP引起的裂变事件可能形成动态相干的小行星对甚至家族。这一过程的结果在主要小行星带的成员中有详细记载,但在近地小行星群中则没有,因为它们的路径在短时间内非常有效地随机化。平均运动共振(MMR)可以通过使小天体避免与行星近距离接触来稳定它们的轨道。从理论上讲,被困在MMR中的小行星的YORP引发的裂变即使在近地空间也可以保留这一过程的证据。在这里,我们发现两个NEAs,2017 SN 16和2018 RY 7,目前正在遵循轨道演化,由于与金星的3:5 MMR的稳定作用,它们的相对平均经度没有表现出任何长期增加。使这种结构成为可能的机制可能在太阳系和其他地方都起作用。我们的分析表明,2017 SN 16 -2018 RY 7可能起源于两种机制之一:YORP诱导的分裂或二元解离。
Anatomy of an Asteroid Break-Up: The Case of P/2013 R3
我们对P/2013 R3的新数据和已发表的数据进行了分析,这是第一颗在解体时被发现的小行星。在UT 2013年10月1日至2014年2月13日之间的时间间隔内测量了13个分立元件。我们确定的平均值,成对的速度分散在这些组件之间的$Δv = 0.33\pm0.03$ m s $^{-1}$,并发现他们的分离时间是交错的间隔为$\sim$ 5个月。在第一次观测中,包裹着系统的尘埃的横截面为$\sim$ 30 km $^2$,但以与辐射压扫描一致的速率单调衰减。个别成分表现出彗星般的形态,也褪色,除非二次碎裂伴随着额外的尘埃释放。我们发现,只有上限的半径的任何嵌入固体核,通常$\sim$ 100至200米(几何半径0.05假设)。结合起来,P/2013 R3的组成部分将形成一个半径为$\lesssim$ 400米的单一球体,这是我们对前身物体大小的最佳估计。观测结果与旋转破坏弱(内聚强度$\sim$ 50至100 N m $^{-2}$)母体,$\sim$ 400 m半径。估计辐射(YORP)自旋的时间这一父$\lesssim$ 1百万年,短于碰撞寿命。如果存在,在低至10 $^{-3}$ kg s $^{-1}$下升华的水冰可在母体上产生与YORP扭矩相当的扭矩。根据对类似破坏频率的保守假设,推断出的小行星碎片产生率为$\gtrsim$ 10 $^3$ kg·s $^{-1}$,这至少…