In interactive object segmentation a user collaborates with a computer vision model to segment an object. Recent works employ convolutional neural networks for this task: Given an image and a set of corrections made by the user as input, they output a segmentation mask. These approaches achieve strong performance by training on large datasets but they keep the model parameters unchanged at test time. Instead, we recognize that user corrections can serve as sparse training examples and we propose a method that capitalizes on that idea to update the model parameters on-the-fly to the data at hand. Our approach enables the adaptation to a particular object and its background, to distributions shifts in a test set, to specific object classes, and even to large domain changes, where the imaging modality changes between training and testing. We perform extensive experiments on 8 diverse datasets and show: Compared to a model with frozen parameters, our method reduces the required corrections (i) by 9%-30% when distribution shifts are small between training and testing; (ii) by 12%-44% when specializing to a specific class; (iii) and by 60% and 77% when we completely change domain between training and testing.
Université de Toulouse（图卢兹大学）；UPS（巴黎第十一大学（注：此处UPS为Université Paris-Sud的常见缩写，若为图卢兹相关分支需结合语境，此处取通用常见译法））；IRIT（图卢兹计算机科学研究所）；ENFA（法国国立民航大学（注：ENFA全称为École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile，常见译法为法国国立民航大学））
This paper adresses the problem of interactive multiclass segmentation. We propose a fast and efficient new interactive segmentation method called Superpixel Classification-based Interactive Segmentation (SCIS). From a few strokes drawn by a human user over an image, this method extracts relevant semantic objects. To get a fast calculation and an accurate segmentation, SCIS uses superpixel over-segmentation and support vector machine classification. In this paper, we demonstrate that SCIS significantly outperfoms competing algorithms by evaluating its performances on the reference benchmarks o…
University of Campinas（坎皮纳斯大学）；Université Gustave Eiffel（古斯塔夫·埃菲尔大学）
Despite the progress of interactive image segmentation methods, high-quality pixel-level annotation is still time-consuming and laborious - a bottleneck for several deep learning applications. We take a step back to propose interactive and simultaneous segment annotation from multiple images guided by feature space projection. This strategy is in stark contrast to existing interactive segmentation methodologies, which perform annotation in the image domain. We show that feature space annotation achieves competitive results with state-of-the-art methods in foreground segmentation datasets: iCoS…
We address interactive full image annotation, where the goal is to accurately segment all object and stuff regions in an image. We propose an interactive, scribble-based annotation framework which operates on the whole image to produce segmentations for all regions. This enables sharing scribble corrections across regions, and allows the annotator to focus on the largest errors made by the machine across the whole image. To realize this, we adapt Mask-RCNN into a fast interactive segmentation framework and introduce an instance-aware loss measured at the pixel-level in the full image canvas, w…
Manually annotating object segmentation masks is very time consuming. Interactive object segmentation methods offer a more efficient alternative where a human annotator and a machine segmentation model collaborate. In this paper we make several contributions to interactive segmentation: (1) we systematically explore in simulation the design space of deep interactive segmentation models and report new insights and caveats; (2) we execute a large-scale annotation campaign with real human annotators, producing masks for 2.5M instances on the OpenImages dataset. We plan to release this data public…
We address interactive panoptic annotation, where one segment all object and stuff regions in an image. We investigate two graph-based segmentation algorithms that both enforce connectivity of each region, with a notable class-aware Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation that ensures global optimum. Both algorithms can take RGB, or utilize the feature maps from any DCNN, whether trained on the target dataset or not, as input. We then propose an interactive, scribble-based annotation framework.
Recent works on click-based interactive segmentation have demonstrated state-of-the-art results by using various inference-time optimization schemes. These methods are considerably more computationally expensive compared to feedforward approaches, as they require performing backward passes through a network during inference and are hard to deploy on mobile frameworks that usually support only forward passes. In this paper, we extensively evaluate various design choices for interactive segmentation and discover that new state-of-the-art results can be obtained without any additional optimizatio…
In this paper we present our system for human-in-the-loop video object segmentation. The backbone of our system is a method for one-shot video object segmentation. While fast, this method requires an accurate pixel-level segmentation of one (or several) frames as input. As manually annotating such a segmentation is impractical, we propose a deep interactive image segmentation method, that can accurately segment objects with only a handful of clicks. On the GrabCut dataset, our method obtains 90% IOU with just 3.8 clicks on average, setting the new state of the art. Furthermore, as our method i…
The interactive image segmentation algorithm can provide an intelligent ways to understand the intention of user input. Many interactive methods have the problem of that ask for large number of user input. To efficient produce intuitive segmentation under limited user input is important for industrial application. In this paper, we reveal a positive feedback system on image segmentation to show the pixels of self-learning. Two approaches, iterative random walks and boundary random walks, are proposed for segmentation potential, which is the key step in feedback system. Experiment results on im…
Deep learning requires large amounts of training data to be effective. For the task of object segmentation, manually labeling data is very expensive, and hence interactive methods are needed. Following recent approaches, we develop an interactive object segmentation system which uses user input in the form of clicks as the input to a convolutional network. While previous methods use heuristic click sampling strategies to emulate user clicks during training, we propose a new iterative training strategy. During training, we iteratively add clicks based on the errors of the currently predicted se…
Interactive segmentation has recently attracted attention for specialized tasks where expert input is required to further enhance the segmentation performance. In this work, we propose a novel interactive segmentation framework, where user clicks are dynamically adapted in size based on the current segmentation mask. The clicked regions form a weight map and are fed to a deep neural network as a novel weighted loss function. To evaluate our loss function, an interactive U-Net (IU-Net) model which applies both foreground and background user clicks as the main method of interaction is employed. …
Deep learning-based interactive segmentation in remote sensing
National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校国家生态分析与综合中心）；University of Idaho（爱达荷大学）；Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University（福建农林大学）；Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校布伦环境科学与管理学院）
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill（北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校）
We propose iSegFormer, a memory-efficient transformer that combines a Swin transformer with a lightweight multilayer perceptron (MLP) decoder. With the efficient Swin transformer blocks for hierarchical self-attention and the simple MLP decoder for aggregating both local and global attention, iSegFormer learns powerful representations while achieving high computational efficiencies. Specifically, we apply iSegFormer to interactive 3D medical image segmentation.
Image segmentation is a fundamental problem in computational vision and medical imaging. Designing a generic, automated method that works for various objects and imaging modalities is a formidable task. Instead of proposing a new specific segmentation algorithm, we present a general design principle on how to integrate user interactions from the perspective of feedback control theory. Impulsive control and Lyapunov stability analysis are employed to design and analyze an interactive segmentation system. Then stabilization conditions are derived to guide algorithm design. Finally, the effective…
Korea University（高丽大学）；Chungnam National University（忠南大学）
We propose a novel guided interactive segmentation (GIS) algorithm for video objects to improve the segmentation accuracy and reduce the interaction time. First, we design the reliability-based attention module to analyze the reliability of multiple annotated frames. Second, we develop the intersection-aware propagation module to propagate segmentation results to neighboring frames. Third, we introduce the GIS mechanism for a user to select unsatisfactory frames quickly with less effort. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides more accurate segmentation results at…
Institute of Computer Science II（第二计算机科学研究所）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；School of Computing（计算学院）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
In interactive instance segmentation, users give feedback to iteratively refine segmentation masks. The user-provided clicks are transformed into guidance maps which provide the network with necessary cues on the whereabouts of the object of interest. Guidance maps used in current systems are purely distance-based and are either too localized or non-informative. We propose a novel transformation of user clicks to generate scale-aware guidance maps that leverage the hierarchical structural information present in an image. Using our guidance maps, even the most basic FCNs are able to outperform …
Common users have changed from mere consumers to active producers of multimedia data content. Video editing plays an important role in this scenario, calling for simple segmentation tools that can handle fast-moving and deformable video objects with possible occlusions, color similarities with the background, among other challenges. We present an interactive video segmentation method, named FOMTrace, which addresses the problem in an effective and efficient way. From a user-provided object mask in a first frame, the method performs semi-automatic video segmentation on a spatiotemporal superpix…
Harvard University（哈佛大学）；John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences（约翰·A·保尔森工程与应用科学学院）
We present an interactive approach to train a deep neural network pixel classifier for the segmentation of neuronal structures. An interactive training scheme reduces the extremely tedious manual annotation task that is typically required for deep networks to perform well on image segmentation problems. Our proposed method employs a feedback loop that captures sparse annotations using a graphical user interface, trains a deep neural network based on recent and past annotations, and displays the prediction output to users in almost real-time. Our implementation of the algorithm also allows mult…
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill（北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校）；United Imaging Intelligence（联影智能）
The goal of click-based interactive image segmentation is to obtain precise object segmentation masks with limited user interaction, i.e., by a minimal number of user clicks. Existing methods require users to provide all the clicks: by first inspecting the segmentation mask and then providing points on mislabeled regions, iteratively. We ask the question: can our model directly predict where to click, so as to further reduce the user interaction cost? To this end, we propose {\PseudoClick}, a generic framework that enables existing segmentation networks to propose candidate next clicks. These …
Clore: Interactive Pathology Image Segmentation with Click-based Local Refinement
School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学计算机科学与技术学院）；School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学人工智能与数据科学学院）
In recent years, the rapid development of deep learning has brought great advancements to image and video segmentation methods based on neural networks. However, to unleash the full potential of such models, large numbers of high-quality annotated images are necessary for model training. Currently, many widely used open-source image segmentation software relies heavily on manual annotation which is tedious and time-consuming. In this work, we introduce EISeg, an Efficient Interactive SEGmentation annotation tool that can drastically improve image segmentation annotation efficiency, generating …
Korea University（高丽大学）；Chungnam National University（忠南国立大学）
An interactive video object segmentation algorithm, which takes scribble annotations on query objects as input, is proposed in this paper. We develop a deep neural network, which consists of the annotation network (A-Net) and the transfer network (T-Net). First, given user scribbles on a frame, A-Net yields a segmentation result based on the encoder-decoder architecture. Second, T-Net transfers the segmentation result bidirectionally to the other frames, by employing the global and local transfer modules. The global transfer module conveys the segmentation information in an annotated frame to …
CVIT（计算机视觉与智能系统中心）；Kohli Center on Intelligent Systems (KCIS)（科利智能系统中心）；IIIT Hyderabad（海得拉巴国际信息技术学院）
Radiance Fields (RF) are popular to represent casually-captured scenes for new view synthesis and several applications beyond it. Mixed reality on personal spaces needs understanding and manipulating scenes represented as RFs, with semantic segmentation of objects as an important step. Prior segmentation efforts show promise but don't scale to complex objects with diverse appearance. We present the ISRF method to interactively segment objects with fine structure and appearance. Nearest neighbor feature matching using distilled semantic features identifies high-confidence seed regions. Bilatera…
ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）
Despite recent progress of automatic medical image segmentation techniques, fully automatic results usually fail to meet the clinical use and typically require further refinement. In this work, we propose a quality-aware memory network for interactive segmentation of 3D medical images. Provided by user guidance on an arbitrary slice, an interaction network is firstly employed to obtain an initial 2D segmentation. The quality-aware memory network subsequently propagates the initial segmentation estimation bidirectionally over the entire volume. Subsequent refinement based on additional user gui…
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；SenseTime Research（商汤科技研究院）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；University Hospitals Leuven（鲁汶大学医院）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；King’s College London（伦敦国王学院）
Segmentation of organs or lesions from medical images plays an essential role in many clinical applications such as diagnosis and treatment planning. Though Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have achieved the state-of-the-art performance for automatic segmentation, they are often limited by the lack of clinically acceptable accuracy and robustness in complex cases. Therefore, interactive segmentation is a practical alternative to these methods. However, traditional interactive segmentation methods require a large amount of user interactions, and recently proposed CNN-based interactive segmen…
Farsee2 Technology（Farsee2科技）；Wuhan University（武汉大学）；Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）；University of South Carolina（南卡罗来纳大学）
Binary image segmentation plays an important role in computer vision and has been widely used in many applications such as image and video editing, object extraction, and photo composition. In this paper, we propose a novel interactive binary image segmentation method based on the Markov Random Field (MRF) framework and the fast bilateral solver (FBS) technique. Specifically, we employ the geodesic distance component to build the unary term. To ensure both computation efficiency and effective responsiveness for interactive segmentation, superpixels are used in computing geodesic distances inst…
Deep learning techniques have successfully been employed in numerous computer vision tasks including image segmentation. The techniques have also been applied to medical image segmentation, one of the most critical tasks in computer-aided diagnosis. Compared with natural images, the medical image is a gray-scale image with low-contrast (even with some invisible parts). Because some organs have similar intensity and texture with neighboring organs, there is usually a need to refine automatic segmentation results. In this paper, we propose an interactive deep refinement framework to improve the …
Interactive segmentation enables users to extract masks by providing simple annotations to indicate the target, such as boxes, clicks, or scribbles. Among these interaction formats, scribbles are the most flexible as they can be of arbitrary shapes and sizes. This enables scribbles to provide more indications of the target object. However, previous works mainly focus on click-based configuration, and the scribble-based setting is rarely explored. In this work, we attempt to formulate a standard protocol for scribble-based interactive segmentation. Basically, we design diversified strategies to…
Deep neural networks have become a mainstream approach to interactive segmentation. As we show in our experiments, while for some images a trained network provides accurate segmentation result with just a few clicks, for some unknown objects it cannot achieve satisfactory result even with a large amount of user input. Recently proposed backpropagating refinement (BRS) scheme introduces an optimization problem for interactive segmentation that results in significantly better performance for the hard cases. At the same time, BRS requires running forward and backward pass through a deep network s…
SLIP: Segmentation with Low-latency Interactive Prompting for 3D Medical Images
IRCAD France（法国国际消化道疾病研究中心）；Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube（斯特拉斯堡大学、法国国家科学研究中心、ICube实验室）；IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital（圣心研究医院）；Humanitas University（圣心大学）；Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)（圣心综合大学医院）
CellPilot: A unified approach to automatic and interactive segmentation in histopathology
School of Computation and Information Technology, Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学计算与信息技术学院）；Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health（亥姆霍兹慕尼黑中心——德国环境健康研究中心）；School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London（伦敦国王学院生物医学工程与影像科学学院）
University of South Carolina（南卡罗来纳大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Utah State University（犹他州立大学）
One popular approach to interactively segment the foreground object of interest from an image is to annotate a bounding box that covers the foreground object. Then, a binary labeling is performed to achieve a refined segmentation. One major issue of the existing algorithms for such interactive image segmentation is their preference of an input bounding box that tightly encloses the foreground object. This increases the annotation burden, and prevents these algorithms from utilizing automatically detected bounding boxes. In this paper, we develop a new LooseCut algorithm that can handle cases w…
Interactive image segmentation aims at segmenting a target region through a way of human-computer interaction. Recent works based on deep learning have achieved excellent performance, while most of them focus on improving the accuracy of the training set and ignore potential improvement on the test set. In the inference phase, they tend to have a good performance on similar domains to the training set, and lack adaptability to domain shift, so they require more user efforts to obtain satisfactory results. In this work, we propose RAIS, a robust and accurate architecture for interactive segment…
Institute of Computer Science II（计算机科学第二研究所）；University of Bonn, Germany（德国波恩大学）；School of Computing（计算机学院）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
In current interactive instance segmentation works, the user is granted a free hand when providing clicks to segment an object; clicks are allowed on background pixels and other object instances far from the target object. This form of interaction is highly inconsistent with the end goal of efficiently isolating objects of interest. In our work, we propose a clicking scheme wherein user interactions are restricted to the proximity of the object. In addition, we propose a novel transformation of the user-provided clicks to generate a weak localization prior on the object which is consistent wit…
Domain adaptation for semantic image segmentation is very necessary since manually labeling large datasets with pixel-level labels is expensive and time consuming. Existing domain adaptation techniques either work on limited datasets, or yield not so good performance compared with supervised learning. In this paper, we propose a novel bidirectional learning framework for domain adaptation of segmentation. Using the bidirectional learning, the image translation model and the segmentation adaptation model can be learned alternatively and promote to each other. Furthermore, we propose a self-supe…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Shanghai AI Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）
The goal of this paper is to interactively refine the automatic segmentation on challenging structures that fall behind human performance, either due to the scarcity of available annotations or the difficulty nature of the problem itself, for example, on segmenting cancer or small organs. Specifically, we propose a novel Transformer-based architecture for Interactive Segmentation (TIS), that treats the refinement task as a procedure for grouping pixels with similar features to those clicks given by the end users. Our proposed architecture is composed of Transformer Decoder variants, which natu…
University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；Alexandria University, Faculty of Engineering（亚历山大大学工程学院）
In this paper, we cast the scribble-based interactive image segmentation as a semi-supervised learning problem. Our novel approach alleviates the need to solve an expensive generalized eigenvector problem by approximating the eigenvectors using efficiently computed eigenfunctions. The smoothness operator defined on feature densities at the limit n tends to infinity recovers the exact eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian, where n is the number of nodes in the graph. To further reduce the computational complexity without scarifying our accuracy, we select pivots pixels from user annotations. In o…
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)（埃尔朗根-纽伦堡大学）；Siemens Healthcare GmbH（西门子医疗有限公司）；Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)（埃尔朗根先进光学技术研究生院）
In interactive medical image segmentation, anatomical structures are extracted from reconstructed volumetric images. The first iterations of user interaction traditionally consist of drawing pictorial hints as an initial estimate of the object to extract. Only after this time consuming first phase, the efficient selective refinement of current segmentation results begins. Erroneously labeled seeds, especially near the border of the object, are challenging to detect and replace for a human and may substantially impact the overall segmentation quality. We propose an automatic seeding pipeline as…
Rarely in literature a method of segmentation cares for the edit after the algorithm delivers. They provide no solution when segmentation goes wrong. We propose to formulate point distribution model in terms of centripetal-parameterized Catmull-Rom spline. Such fusion brings interactivity to model-based segmentation, so that edit is better handled. When the delivered segment is unsatisfactory, user simply shifts points to vary the curve. We ran the method on three disparate imaging modalities and achieved an average overlap of 0.879 for automated lung segmentation on chest radiographs. The edi…
Interactive image segmentation aims at obtaining a segmentation mask for an image using simple user annotations. During each round of interaction, the segmentation result from the previous round serves as feedback to guide the user's annotation and provides dense prior information for the segmentation model, effectively acting as a bridge between interactions. Existing methods overlook the importance of feedback or simply concatenate it with the original input, leading to underutilization of feedback and an increase in the number of required annotations. To address this, we propose an approach…
University College London（伦敦大学学院）；University Hospitals KU Leuven（鲁汶大学附属医院）
Accurate medical image segmentation is essential for diagnosis, surgical planning and many other applications. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become the state-of-the-art automatic segmentation methods. However, fully automatic results may still need to be refined to become accurate and robust enough for clinical use. We propose a deep learning-based interactive segmentation method to improve the results obtained by an automatic CNN and to reduce user interactions during refinement for higher accuracy. We use one CNN to obtain an initial automatic segmentation, on which user interact…
In this paper, we propose a novel fully convolutional two-stream fusion network (FCTSFN) for interactive image segmentation. The proposed network includes two sub-networks: a two-stream late fusion network (TSLFN) that predicts the foreground at a reduced resolution, and a multi-scale refining network (MSRN) that refines the foreground at full resolution. The TSLFN includes two distinct deep streams followed by a fusion network. The intuition is that, since user interactions are more direct information on foreground/background than the image itself, the two-stream structure of the TSLFN reduce…
Trinity College Dublin（都柏林圣三一学院）；Adobe Research（Adobe研究）
Interactive object cutout tools are the cornerstone of the image editing workflow. Recent deep-learning based interactive segmentation algorithms have made significant progress in handling complex images and rough binary selections can typically be obtained with just a few clicks. Yet, deep learning techniques tend to plateau once this rough selection has been reached. In this work, we interpret this plateau as the inability of current algorithms to sufficiently leverage each user interaction and also as the limitations of current training/testing datasets. We propose a novel interactive archi…
Scene-Generalizable Interactive Segmentation of Radiance Fields
Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Y-tech, Kuaishou Technology（快手科技Y-tech）；Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Security Intelligence Technologies（广东省新型安全智能技术重点实验室）；Dartmouth College（达特茅斯学院）
