Within the framework of the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics model, the deep subthreshold antiproton production in heavy-ion collisions has been investigated thoroughly. The elastic scattering, annihilation and charge exchange reactions associated with antiproton channels are implemented in the model. The attractive antiproton potential extracted from the G-parity transformation of the nucleon selfenergies enhance the antiproton yields to some extent. The calculated invariant spectra are consistent with the available experimental data. The primordial antiproton yields increase with the mass number of colliding system. However, the annihilation reactions reduce the antiproton production and enable independent to colliding partners. Antiflow phenomena of antiprotons correlated to the mean-field potential and annihilation mechanism is found in comparison with proton flows.
An enhancement of antiprotons produced in p+d reaction in comparison with ones in p+p elementary reaction is investigated. In the neighborhood of subthreshold energy the enhancement is caused by the difference of available energies for antiproton production. The cross section in p+d reaction, on the other hand, becomes just twice of the one in elementary p+p reaction at the incident energy far from the threshold energy when non-nucleonic components in deuteron target are not considered.
We study the effects of $N^{*}(1440)$ resonance on the production of kaons, antikaons and antiprotons in heavy-ion collisions at subthreshold energies. Using free-space widths for the $Δ(1232)$ and the $N^{*}(1440)$ resonance and free-space thresholds for particle production, it is found that the $N^{*}$-baryon interactions contribute about 10\%, 25\% and 80\% to the yield of kaon, antikaon and antiproton, respectively. Doubling the widths of resonances due to possible medium effects, both the total and the $N^{*}$ induced antiproton yield decrease by about a factor of 3. Using a reduced antip…
We calculate the subthreshold production of antiprotons in the Lorentz-covariant RBUU approach employing a weighted testparticle method to treat the antiproton propagation and absorption nonperturbatively. We find that the pbar differential cross sections are highly sensitive to the baryon and antiproton selfenergies in the dense baryonic environment. Adopting the baryon scalar and vector selfenergies from the empirical optical potential for proton-nucleus elastic scattering and from Dirac-Brueckner calculations at higher density rho > rho_0 we examine the differential pbar spectra as a functi…
Data from KEK on subthreshold antiproton as well as on pi(+-) and K(+-) production in proton-nucleus reactions are described at projectile energies between 3.5 and 12.0 GeV. We use a model which considers a hadron-nucleus reaction as an incoherent sum over collisions of the projectile with a varying number of target nucleons. It samples complete events and allows thus for the simultaneous consideration of all particle species measured. The overall reproduction of the data is quite satisfactory. It is shown that the contributions from the interaction of the projectile with groups of several tar…
We study the structure of antiproton spectra at extreme subthreshold bombarding energies using a thermodynamic picture. Antiproton production processes and final state interactions are discussed in detail in order to find out what can be learned about these processes from the observed spectra.
Data from KEK on subthreshold antiproton as well as on charged pion and kaon production in pC, dC and $α$C reactions at energies between 3.5 and 12.0 A GeV are described for the first time within a unified approach. We use a model which considers a nuclear reaction as an incoherent sum over collisions of varying numbers of projectile and target nucleons. It samples complete events and thus allows for the simultaneous consideration of all final particles including the decay products of the nuclear residues. The enormous enhancement of the antiproton cross section as well as the moderate increas…
We reanalyse the production of $p\bar{p}$ pairs in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions employing novel elementary cross sections for baryon-baryon and pion-baryon production channels based on a boson-exchange model. In contrast to previous transport studies performed in the literature the secondary pion induced channel is found to be most important in both p+A and A+A collisions at subthreshold energies. A detailed comparison with the experimental data available indicates that sizeable attractive $\bar{p}$ potentials in the order of - 100 to - 150 MeV at normal nuclear matter density…
Data from KEK on subthreshold $\bar{\mrm{p}}$ as well as on $π^\pm$ and $\mrm{K}^\pm$ production in proton-, deuteron- and $α$-induced reactions at energies between 2.0 and 12.0 A GeV for C, Cu and Pb targets are described within a unified approach. We use a model which considers a nuclear reaction as an incoherent sum over collisions of varying numbers of projectile and target nucleons. It samples complete events and thus allows for the simultaneous consideration of all final particles including the decay products of the nuclear residues. The enormous enhancement of the $\bar{\mrm{p}}$ cross …
The nuclear interactions of atomic and low energy antiprotons are studied. Measurements of level shifts and widths in the lightest elements are analyzed and compared with new results obtained in heavy nuclei. Simple geometric properties of antiproton - nucleus interactions are demonstrated. Upon this background one finds some anomalies that indicate strong energy dependence in the subthreshold antiproton - nucleon interactions. The use of of antiproton in studies of the nuclear surface is briefly discussed.
We examine the production of open charm in antiproton annihilation on finite nuclei. The enhancement of the subthreshold production cross section, even in a nucleus as light as carbon, should provide a clean signature of the reduction in the masses of these mesons in-medium. We also show that a careful analysis of the $D^+$ and $D^-$ spectra can yield important information on the cross section for $D^{\pm}N$ scattering.
The Isospin Quantum Molecular Dynamics model is used to compare spectra and elliptic flow of kaons produced at subthreshold energies with data taken at the SIS accelerator at GSI. We find that temperatures of the spectra are dominated by the rescattering of the kaons. The study of elliptic flow observables indicates the influence of rescattering as well as of the optical potential of the kaons with increasing dominance of the optical potential at lower incident energies.
The production of antiprotons in $pp$ collisions is investigated close to threshold where experimental data about the total cross section are not available. We analyze the latter reaction within the LUND string model for inclusive $\bar{p}$ production and within the framework of a one-boson exchange model for the exclusive reaction $pp \rightarrow ppp\bar{p}$. The application of our new results to the analysis of subthreshold antiproton production in $d + p$ and $d + d$ collisions shows cross sections that are much lower than expected before. Nevertheless, the comparison of experimental $\bar{…
We summarize what we have learnt about the kaon production in nucleus-nucleus collisions in the last decade. We will address three questions: a) Is the $K^+$ production sensitive to the nuclear equation of state? b) How can it happen that at the same excess energy the same number of $K^+$ and $K^-$ are produced in heavy ion collisions although the elementary cross section in pp collisions differs by orders of magnitudes? and c) Why kaons don't flow?
We demonstrate that the binding energies and widths of eta-mesic nuclei depend strongly on subthreshold eta-N interaction. This strong dependence is made evident from comparing three different eta-nucleus optical potentials: (1) a microscopic optical potential taking into account the full effects of off-shell eta-nucleon interactions; (2) a factorization approximation to the microscopic optical potential where a downward energy shift parameter is introduced to approximate the subthreshold eta-nucleon interaction; and (3) an optical potential using on-shell eta-nucleon scattering length as the …
Recent experimental studies of the antiproton-deuteron system at low energies have shown that the imaginary part of the antiproton-deuteron scattering length is smaller than the antiproton-proton one. Two- and three-body systems with strong annihilation are investigated and a mechanism explaining this unexpected relation between the imaginary parts of the scattering lengths is proposed.
We present an optical potential analysis of the antiproton-proton interactions at low energies. Our optical potential is purely phenomenological, and has been parametrized on data recently obtained by the Obelix Collaboration at momenta below 180 MeV/c. It reasonably fits annihilation and elastic data below 600 MeV/c, and allows us for an evaluation of the elastic cross section and rho-parameter down to zero kinetic energy. Moreover we show that the mechanism that depresses antiproton-nucleus annihilation cross sections at low energies is present in antiproton-proton interactions too.
The influence of Coulomb distortion on the polarization transfer in elastic proton and antiproton electron scattering at low energies is calculated in a distorted wave Born approximation. For antiproton electron scattering Coulomb effects reduce substantially the spin transfer cross section compared to the plane wave Born approximation whereas for proton electron scattering they lead to a dramatic increase for kinetic proton lab energies below about 20 keV.
Subthreshold events (pion production, for instance) at energies $E< m_π$ are treated as rare events. The associated multiplicity distribution $P_c (n)$ and the unconstrained distribution P(n), when there is no rare event-trigger, are related by the model independent relation $P_c (n) = {n^2 \over \average{n^2}} P(n)$. This relation, and in particular its improved version inspired in clustering of nucleons, is in fair agreement with data. Moreover, it allows to extract from the multiplicity data information on the number of nucleons involved in meson production processes, occuring at energies b…
The inclusive $K^+$ mesons production in $π^+$--nucleus reactions in the subthreshold energy regime is analyzed with respect to the one--step ($π^+n\to K^+Λ$) and the two--step ($π^+n\to ηp_1,~ ηp_2\to K^+Λ$) incoherent production processes on the basis of an appropriate folding model, which allows one to take into account the various forms of an internal nucleon momentum distribution as well as on-- and off--shell propagation of the struck target nucleon. Contrary to proton--nucleus reactions primary reaction channel is found to be significant practically at all considered energies. Detailed …
Antiproton production in Ni+Ni collisions at 1.85 GeV/nucleon is studied in the relativistic Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model. The self-energies of the antiproton are determined from the nucleon self-energies by the G-parity transformation. Also, the final-state interactions of the antiproton including both rescattering and annihilation are explicitly treated. With a soft nuclear equation of state, the calculated antiproton momentum spectrum is in good agreement with recent experimental data from the heavy-ion synchrotron at GSI. The effect due to the reduced nucleon and antinucleon masses in a …
The production of antiprotons in $p+A$ reactions is calculated in a microscopic transport approach employing hadronic and string degrees of freedom (HSD). It is found that the abundancies of antiprotons as observed by the E910 Collaboration in $p+A$ reactions at 12.3 GeV/c as well as 17.5 GeV/c can approximately be described on the basis of primary proton-nucleon and secondary meson-baryon production channels for all targets. The transport calculations demonstrate that the antiproton rapidity distributions for heavy targets are sensitive to the $\bar{p}$ (or hadron) formation time in the nucle…
Spin-dependent total pbar-d cross sections are considered using the optical theorem. For this aim the full spin dependence of the forward pbar-d elastic scattering amplitude is considered in a model independent way. The single-scattering approximation is used to relate this amplitude to the elementary amplitudes of pbar-p and pbar-n scattering and the deuteron form factor. A formalism allowing to take into account Coulomb-nuclear interference effects in polarized pbar-d cross sections is developed. Numerical calculations for the polarized total pbar-d cross sections are performed at beam energ…
We set up a plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) formalism for the analysis of the annihilation cross sections of antinucleons on nuclear targets at very low momenta (below 100 MeV/c), where semiclassical approximations can't be applied. Since, as we test here, PWIA fails in reproducing the unexpected ``inversion'' behavior of the $\bar{p}p$ and $\bar{p}-$nucleus annihilation cross sections found in a recent experiment\cite{obe1,obe2} we discuss some further possibilities, with a special attention to the optical potential model.
Studying antiproton scattering by nuclei (atoms) in the range of low energies, we found out that the increase in the antiproton-nucleus scattering amplitude through Coulomb interaction provides the possibility to investigate spin-dependent processes accompanying the interaction of antiprotons with nuclei (polarized or unpolarized) by means of mirror reflection of antiprotons from the vacuum-matter boundary, diffraction and channeling (surface diffraction and channeling) of antiprotons in crystals.
The inclusive K+ mesons production in proton-nucleus collisions in the near threshold and subthreshold energy regimes is analyzed with respect to the one-step (pN->K+YN, Y=Lambda,Sigma) and the two-step (pN->NNpi, NN2pi; piN->K+Y) incoherent production processes on the basis of an appropriate new folding model, which takes properly into account the struck target nucleon removal energy and momentum distribution (nucleon spectral function), extracted from recent quasielastic electron scattering experiments and from many-body calculations with realistic models of the NN interaction. Comparison of…
We reexamine in the relativistic transport model the dependence of kaon yield on the nuclear equation of state in heavy ion collisions at energies that are below the threshold for kaon production from the nucleon-nucleon interaction in free space. For Au+Au collisions at 1 GeV/nucleon, we find that the kaon yield measured by the Kaos collaboration at GSI can be accounted for if a soft nuclear equation of state is used. We also confirm the results obtained in the non-relativistic transport model that the dependence of kaon yield on the nuclear equation of state is more appreciable in heavy ion …
Accurate three-body quantal calculations of the system composed of a proton, an antiproton, and an electron are performed in perimetric coordinates with the Lagrange-mesh method, an approximate variational calculation with the simplicity of a calculation on a grid. Quasibound states with respect to the $\bar{p}$ + H($n = 2$) threshold are obtained for $L = 60$ to 71 for various vibrational excitations. Their energies have accuracies up to about $10^{-14}$ atomic units while less precise energies are determined for $L = 56-59$ broader resonances. Their structure is analyzed with the help of mea…
The recent experimental data obtained by the OBELIX group on $\bar{p}$D and $\bar{p}^4$He total annihilation cross sections are analyzed. The combined analysis of these data with existing antiprotonic atom data allows, for the first time, the imaginary parts of the S-wave scattering lengths for the two nuclei to be extracted. The obtained values are: $Im a^{sc}_0 = [- 0.62 \pm 0.02 ({stat}) \pm 0.04 ({sys})] fm$ for $\bar{p}$D and $Im a^{sc}_0 = [- 0.36\pm 0.03({stat})^{+0.19}_{-0.11}({sys})] fm$ for $\bar{p}^4$He. This analysis indicates an unexpected behaviour of the imaginary part of the $\…
Background: The information about the 6Li(d,a)4He reaction rates of the astrophysical interest can be obtained by extrapolating direct data to the lower energies, or by indirect methods. The indirect Trojan Horse method, as well as various R-matrix and polynomial fits to direct data, estimate the electron screening energies much larger than the adiabatic limit. Calculations that include the subthreshold resonance estimate smaller screening energies. Purpose: Obtain the 6Li(d,a)4He reaction R-matrix parameters and the astrophysical S factor for the energies relevant to the stellar plasmas by fi…
Subthreshold kaon (K$^{0}$ and K$^{+}$) production in neutron-rich nuclear reactions to probe the kaon-nucleon interaction in nuclear medium and to extract the isospin dependent part of the nuclear equation of state at high-baryon densities, is investigated within an isospin and momentum dependent transport model. A repulsive kaon-nucleon potential is implemented in the model through fitting the flow data and inclusive spectra in heavy-ion collisions, which enhances the energetic kaon emission squeezed out in the reaction zone and leads to a variation of the high-momentum spectrum of the K$^{0…
We investigate the origin of subthreshold $K^+$ production in heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies. In particular we study the influence of the pion induced $K^+$ creation processes. We find that this channel shows a strong dependence on the size of the system, i.e., the number of participating nucleons as well as on the incident energy of the reaction. In an energy region between 1--2 GeV/nucleon the pion induced processes essentially contribute to the total yield and can even become dominant in reactions with a large number of participating nucleons. Thus we are able to reproduce re…
Previous analytical formulas in the Glauber model for high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions developed by Wong are utilized and extended to study antiproton-nucleus annihilations for both high and low energies, after taking into account the effects of Coulomb and nuclear interactions, and the change of the antiproton momentum inside a nucleus. The extended analytical formulas capture the main features of the experimental antiproton-nucleus annihilation cross sections for all energies and mass numbers. At high antiproton energies, they exhibit the granular property for the lightest nuclei and t…
The influence of Coulomb interaction on the phenomenon of "optical" spin rotation of negatively charged particles (antiprotons, etc.) moving in matter with polarized nuclei is considered. It is shown that because the density of the antiproton (negative hyperon) wave function on the nucleus increases, the spin precession frequency grows as the particle decelerates. As a result, spin rotation of negatively charged particles becomes observable despite their rapid deceleration. This provides information about the spin--dependent part of the amplitude of coherent elastic zero--angle scattering in t…
We studied the ${\bar p}$ interactions with the nuclear medium within the 2009 version of the Paris ${\bar N}N$ potential model. We constructed the $\bar{p}$--nucleus optical potential using the Paris $S$- and $P$-wave ${\bar p}N$ scattering amplitudes and treated their strong energy and density dependence self-consistently. We considered a phenomenological $P$-wave term as well. We calculated $\bar{p}$ binding energies and widths of the $\bar{p}$ bound in various nuclei. The $P$-wave potential has very small effect on the calculated ${\bar p}$ binding energies, however, it reduces the corresp…
We investigate the hidden strange $ϕ$ meson production in heavy-ion collisions from subthreshold ($E_{kin}\approx 1$ A GeV) to relativistic ($E_{kin}\approx 21$ A TeV) energies as well as its coupling to the open strange mesons (kaons, antikaons) and their productions. Our study is based on the off-shell microscopic Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach which is applicable for the dynamical description of strongly interacting hadronic and partonic degrees-of-freedom created in heavy-ion collisions. Implementing novel meson-baryon and meson-hyperon production channels for $ϕ$ …
Antiproton scattering off $^3\He$ and $^4\He$ targets is considered at beam energies below 300 MeV within the Glauber-Sitenko approach, utilizing the $\bar N N$ amplitudes of the Jülich model as input. A good agreement with available data on differential $\bar p ^4\He$ cross sections and on $\bar p ^3\He$ and $\pbar ^4\He$ reaction cross sections is obtained. Predictions for polarized total $\bar p ^3$He cross sections are presented, calculated within the single-scattering approximation and including Coulomb-nuclear interference effects. The kinetics of the polarization buildup is discussed.
An optical potential constructed using the ${\bar p}N$ scattering amplitudes derived from the 2009 version of the Paris ${\bar N}N$ potential is applied in calculations of ${\bar p}$ quasi-bound states in selected nuclei across the periodic table. A proper self-consistent procedure for treating energy dependence of the amplitudes in a nucleus appears crucial for evaluating ${\bar p}$ binding energies and widths. Particular attention is paid to the role of $P$-wave amplitudes. While the $P$-wave potential nearly does not affect calculated ${\bar p}$ binding energies, it reduces considerably the…
Antiproton-induced reactions on nuclei at the beam energies from hundreds MeV up to several GeV provide an excellent opportunity to study interactions of the antiproton and secondary particles (mesons, baryons and antibaryons) with nucleons. Antiproton projectile is unique in the sense that most of annihilation particles are relatively slow in the target nucleus frame. Hence, the prehadronic effects do not much influence their interactions with the nucleons of the nuclear residue. Moreover, the particles with momenta less than about 1 GeV/c are sensitive to the nuclear mean field potentials. T…
Experimental annihilation cross sections of antineutrons and antiprotons at very low energies are compared. Features of Coulomb focusing are observed for $\bar p$ annihilation on protons. Direct comparisons for heavier targets are not straightforward due to lack of overlap between targets and energies of experimental results for $\bar p$ and $\bar n$. Nevertheless, the annihilation cross sections for $\bar n$ on nuclei cannot be described by an optical potential that fits well all the available data on $\bar p$ interactions with nuclei. Comparisons made with the help of this potential reveal i…
Evolution of the width of the rapidity distribution on beam rapidity has been studied for a number of produced particles with UrQMD-3.3p1 generated events at various FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) energies. The results for the width of the rapidity distribution with beam rapidity, obtained with UrQMD generated events, are compared with the existing experimental data (E802, E877, E896, E917, NA49). For both UrQMD and experimental data, the width of the rapidity distribution is found to bear scaling behavior with beam rapidity for all the hadrons. Such scaling behavior is found …
Owing to the presence of the Coulomb barrier at astrophysically relevant kinetic energies it is very difficult, or sometimes impossible, to measure astrophysical reaction rates in the laboratory. That is why different indirect techniques are being used along with direct measurements. Here we address two important indirect techniques, the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) and the Trojan Horse (TH) methods. We discuss the application of the ANC technique for calculation of the astrophysical processes in the presence of subthreshold bound states, in particular, two different mechanisms a…
Formation mechanism of fragments with strangeness in collisions of antiprotons on nuclei has been investigated within the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics (LQMD) transport approach combined with a statistical model (GEMINI) for describing the decays of excited fragments. Production of strange particles in the antiproton induced nuclear reactions is modeled within the LQMD model, in which all possible reaction channels such as elastic scattering, annihilation, charge exchange and inelastic scattering in antibaryon-baryon, baryon-baryon and meson-baryon collisions have been included. A coalesc…
We compare data of antineutron and antiproton annihilation cross sections on different targets at very low energies. After subtracting Coulomb effects, we observe that the ratio between the antineutron proton and antiproton proton annihilation cross sections is an oscillating function of the energy at momenta smaller 300 MeV/c. This nontrivial behavior is confirmed by the analysis of the relative number of antiproton-neutron and antiproton-proton annihilations in nuclei. We show that a part of the strong shadowing phenomena in antiproton-nucleus annihilations can be explained in terms of this …
A successful unified description of $\bar p$ nuclear interactions near E=0 is achieved using a $\bar p$ optical potential within a folding model, $V_{\rm opt} \sim \bar v * ρ$, where a $\bar p p$ potential $\bar v$ is folded with the nuclear density $ρ$. The potential $\bar v$ fits very well the measured $\bar p p$ annihilation cross sections at low energies ($p_L < 200$ MeV/c) and the $1s$ and $2p$ spin-averaged level shifts and widths for the $\bar p$H atom. The density-folded optical potential $V_{\rm opt}$ reproduces satisfactorily the strong-interaction level shifts and widths over the en…
The relativistic transport model, in which the nucleon effective mass is connected to the scalar field while its energy is shifted by the vector potential, is extended to include the kaon degree of freedom. We further take into account the medium modification of the kaon mass due to the explicit chiral symmetry breaking. Both the propagation of kaons in the mean-field potential and the kaon-baryon elastic scattering are explicitly treated in our study. We find that the attractive kaon scalar mean-field potential in the dense matter leads to an enhanced kaon yield in heavy-ion collisions at ene…
We have studied the dynamical fluctuation of net-charge of hadrons produced in Au+Au collisions at energies that in near future will be available at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). Data simulated by a microscopic transport model based on ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics are analyzed for the purpose. The centrality and pseudorapidity dependence of the net-charge fluctuation of hadrons are examined. Our simulated results are compared with the results available for nucleus-nucleus collision experiments held at similar energies. The gross features of our simulated…
The inclusive spectra of preequilibrium nucleons produced in low-energy antiproton-nucleus collisions are thoroughly investigated within the framework of the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics model for the first time. All possible reaction channels such as elastic scattering, annihilation, charge exchange and inelastic scattering in antibaryon-baryon, baryon-baryon and meson-baryon collisions have been included in the transport model. The unexpected neutron/proton ratio in comparison to the pion and proton induced reactions is caused from the isospin effects of pion-nucleon collisions and the…
We study the production of charmed baryons in the antiproton-proton and antiproton-nucleus interactions within a fully covariant model that is based on an effective Lagrangian approach. The baryon production proceeds via the $t$-channel $D^0$ and $D^{*0}$ meson-exchange diagrams. We have also explored the production of the charm-baryon hypernucleus $^{16}_{Λ_c^+}$O in the antiproton - $^{16}$O collisions. For antiproton beam momenta of interest to the ${\bar P}ANDA$ experiment, the 0$^\circ$ differential cross sections for the formation of $^{16}_{Λ_c^+}$O hypernuclear states with simple parti…
We have performed a detailed study of dilepton production from pp collisions including the subthreshold $ρ$ production via baryonic resonances (N(1520), N(1700)) in addition to the conventional dilepton sources as $π^0, η, ω$ and $Δ$ Dalitz decays and direct decays of vector mesons ($ρ, ω$). The role of baryonic resonances in $ρ$ production from nucleon-nucleon collisions is studied in comparison to the DLS data which are well described.
In the framework of RQMD we investigate antiproton observables in massive heavy ion collisions at AGS energies and compare to preliminary results of the E878 collaboration. We focus here on the considerable influence of the *real* part of an antinucleon--nucleus optical potential on the antiproton momentum spectra.
The J/Ψ(1S) and Ψ'(2S) production near threshold in antiproton-nucleus reactions is calculated on the basis of the Glauber model. The model takes into account the antiproton (pre)absorption, proton Fermi motion, and charmonium formation length. We confirm earlier prediction that the charmonium production in $\bar pA$ collisions at $p_{lab}=3-10$ GeV/c is not influenced by formation length effects and is very well suited to determine the genuine charmonium-nucleon dissociation cross sections. The comparison is performed with the J/Ψphotoproduction at high energies, where formation length effect…
We investigate the observable effects of off-shell propagation of nucleons in heavy-ion collisions at SIS energies. Within a semi-classical BUU transport model we find a strong enhancement of subthreshold particle production when off-shell nucleons are propagated.
$K^-$ optical potentials relevant to calculations of $K^-$ nuclear quasi-bound states were developed within several chiral meson-baryon coupled-channel interaction models. The applied models yield quite different $K^-$ binding energies and widths. Then, the $K^-$ multinucleon interactions were incorporated by a phenomenological optical potential fitted recently to kaonic atom data. Though the applied $K^-$ interaction models differ significantly in the $K^-N$ subthreshold region, our self-consistent calculations of kaonic nuclei across the periodic table lead to conclusions valid quite general…
We present a minimal statistical model designed for the description of rare-hadron multiplicities in nucleus-nucleus collisions at energies below the threshold of the particle production in binary elementary collisions. Differences to more conventional canonical statistical model are explained. The minimal statistical model is applied to the description of multiplicity ratios involving $Ξ$ hyperons, which are measured by the HADES collaboration at GSI-SIS. It is argued that the HADES data cannot be reproduced by the model based on the statistical equilibrium and the strangeness conservation. T…
The difference in elliptic flow $v_{2}$ between protons and antiprotons, produced in $^{197}\text{Au}+^{197}\text{Au}$ collisions at center-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5-12~\text{GeV}$, is studied within a modified version of the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model. Two different model scenarios are compared: the cascade mode and the mean field mode which includes potential interactions for both formed and pre-formed hadrons. The model results for the elliptic flow of protons and the relative $v_{2}$ difference between protons and antiprotons obtained from the mean f…
We present a new event generator based on the three-fluid hydrodynamics approach for the early stage of the collision, followed by a particlization at the hydrodynamic decoupling surface to join to a microscopic transport model, UrQMD, to account for hadronic final state interactions. We present first results for nuclear collisions of the FAIR/NICA energy scan program (Au+Au collisions, $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=4-11$ GeV). We address the directed flow of protons and pions as well as the proton rapidity distribution for two model EoS, one with a first order phase transition the other with a crossover typ…
We study dilepton production from pp, pd and p Be collisions from 1 - 5 GeV including the $π^0$, $η$, $ω$ and $Δ$ Dalitz decays, direct decays of vector mesons ($ρ$, $ω$) as well as subthreshold $ρ$ production via baryonic resonances (e.g. $D_{13}(1520), P_{11}(1710)$). Our calculations compare rather well with the pp and pd data from the DLS Collaboration, however, overestimate slightly the 'old' p Be data from that group. Futhermore, detailed predictions for differential dilepton spectra at SIS energies are made with a high mass resolution that can be controlled experimentally by the HADES C…
