薛定谔-泡利电子理论的新观点（I）
New Perspectives on the Schr{ö}dinger-Pauli Theory of Electrons: Part I
摘要：
薛定谔-泡利（SP）理论是一种描述电子在静态电磁场存在下的理论，其中明确考虑了磁场与轨道和自旋矩的相互作用。该理论是从一个新的角度，即通过其运动方程或“量子牛顿”第一定律的单个电子。该定律为理论带来了新的物理和数学见解。该定律是以“经典”场为依据的，而经典场的来源是厄米算符相对于系统波函数的量子力学期望值。该定律指出，每个电子都经历一个外部场和一个内部场，其总和为零。外部场是静电场和洛伦兹场之和。内场是电子相互作用场、微分密度场、动力场和内部磁场场的总和。这些场分别代表系统的一个性质：由于泡利不相容原理和库仑排斥的电子相关性、电子密度、动力学效应和物理电流密度。能量分量可以用这些场的积分维里形式表示。该定律使我们进一步认识到，哈密顿量是波函数的一个精确已知的泛泛函。这允许SP方程的推广，然后证明它是内在自洽的。建立了SP体系的量子密度泛函（局域有效势）理论。进一步推广目前的工作时间的情况下，相对论狄拉克理论提出。
英文摘要：
Schr{ö}dinger-Pauli (SP) theory is a description of electrons in the presence of a static electromagnetic field in which the interaction of the magnetic field with both the orbital and spin moments is explicitly considered. The theory is described from a new perspective, viz. that of the individual electron via its equation of motion or `Quantal Newtonian' first law. The law leads to new physical and mathematical insights into the theory. The law is in terms of `classical' fields whose sources are quantum mechanical expectation values of Hermitian operators taken with respect to the system wave function. The law states that each electron experiences an external and an internal field, the sum of which vanish. The external field is the sum of the electrostatic and a Lorentz field. The internal field is a sum of fields: the electron-interaction, differential density, kinetic, and internal magnetic fields. These fields are respectively representative of a property of the system: electron correlations due to the Pauli exclusion principle and Coulomb repulsion, the electron density, kinetic effects, and the physical current density. The energy components can be expressed in integral virial form in terms of these fields. The law leads to the further understanding that the Hamiltonian is an exactly known and universal functional of the wave function. This allows for the generalization of the SP equation, which then proves it to be intrinsically self-consistent. A Quantal density functional (local effective potential) theory of the SP system is developed. Further generalizations of the present work to the temporal case, and relativistic Dirac theory are proposed.
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