First direct measurement of isotopic fission-fragment yields of $^{239}$U
D. Ramos, M. Caamano, A. Lemasson, M. Rejmund, L. Audouin, H. Alvarez-Pol, J. D. Frankland, B. Fernandez-Dominguez, E. Galiana-Baldo, J. Piot, D. Ackermann, S. … 展开作者
D. Ramos, M. Caamano, A. Lemasson, M. Rejmund, L. Audouin, H. Alvarez-Pol, J. D. Frankland, B. Fernandez-Dominguez, E. Galiana-Baldo, J. Piot, D. Ackermann, S. Biswas, E. Clement, D. Durand, F. Farget, M. O. Fregeau, D. Galaviz, A. Heinz, A. I. Henriques, B. Jacquot, B. Jurado, Y. H. Kim, P. Morfouace, D. Ralet, T. Roger, C. Schmitt, P. Teubig, I. Tsekhanovich
A direct and complete measurement of isotopic fission-fragment yields of $^{239}$U has been performed for the first time. The $^{239}$U fissioning system was produced with an average excitation energy of 8.3 MeV in one-neutron transfer reactions between a $^{238}$U beam and a $^{9}$Be target at Coulomb barrier energies. The fission fragments were detected and isotopically identified using the VAMOS++ spectrometer at the GANIL facility. This measurement allows to directly evaluate the fission models at excitation energies of fast neutrons, relevant for next-generation nuclear reactors. The present data, in agreement with model calculations, do not support the recently reported anomaly in the fission-fragment yields of $^{239}$U and confirm the persistence of spherical shell effects in the Sn region at excitation energies exceeding the fission barrier by few MeV.
Isotopic fission yields of ${}^{240}$Pu as a function of the excitation energy
GANIL, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/DRF（GANIL，法国国家科学研究中心/欧洲核子研究组织，法国原子能和替代能源委员会）；IGFAE - Universidade de Santiago de Compostela（圣地亚哥-德孔波斯特拉大学 IGFAE 研究所）；IJC Lab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3（巴黎萨克雷大学 IJC 实验室，法国国家科学研究中心/欧洲核子研究组织）；IFIC, Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia-CSIC（瓦伦西亚大学-西班牙国家科学研究理事会混合中心 IFIC）；CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo（维戈大学 CINTECX 研究中心）；CEA Saclay, DRF/IRFU/SPhN（法国原子能和替代能源委员会萨克雷园区，研究与技术发展部/核物理研究所）
The Neutron Induced Fission Fragment Tracking Experiment (NIFFTE) collaboration has performed measurements with a fission time projection chamber (fissionTPC) to study the fission process by reconstructing full three-dimensional tracks of fission fragments and other ionizing radiation. The amount of linear momentum imparted to the fissioning nucleus by the incident neutron can be inferred by measuring the opening angle between the fission fragments. Using this measured linear momentum, fission fragment angular distributions can be converted to the center-of-mass frame for anisotropy measuremen…
Fission fragment angular distributions can provide an important constraint on fission theory, improving predictive fission codes, and are a prerequisite for a precise ratio cross section measurement. Available anisotropy data is sparse, especially at neutron energies above 5 MeV. For the first time, a three-dimensional tracking detector is employed to study fragment emission angles and provide a direct measurement of angular anisotropy. The Neutron Induced Fission Fragment Tracking Experiment (NIFFTE) collaboration has deployed the fission time projection chamber (fissionTPC) to measure nuclea…
A detailed investigation on the relative isotopic distributions has been carried out for the first time in case of even-even correlated fission fragments for the $^{235}$U($n_{th}$,$f$) fission reaction. High-statistics data were obtained in a prompt $γ$ ray spectroscopy measurement during the EXILL campaign at ILL, Grenoble, France. The extensive off-line analysis of the coincidence data have been carried out using four different coincidence methods. Combining the results from 2-dimensional $γ-γ$ and 3-dimensional $γ-γ-γ$ coincidence analysis, a comprehensive picture of the relative isotopic …
We present the results of a measurement of isotopic concentrations and atomic number ratio of a double-sided actinide target with alpha-spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The double-sided actinide target, with primarily Pu-239 on one side and U-235 on the other, was used in the fission Time Projection Chamber (fissionTPC) for a measurement of the neutron-induced fission cross-section ratio between the two isotopes. The measured atomic number ratio is intended to provide an absolute normalization of the measured fission cross-section ratio. The Pu-239/U-235 atom number ratio was measured with …
We report the reconstruction method of the fast fission events in 25 MeV/u $^{86}$Kr +$^{208}$Pb reactions at the Compact Spectrometer for Heavy IoN Experiment (CSHINE). The fission fragments are measured by three large-area parallel plate avalanche counters, which can deliver the position and the arrival timing information of the fragments. The start timing information is given by the radio frequency of the cyclotron. Using the velocities of the two fission fragments, the fission events are reconstructed. The broadening of both the velocity distribution and the azimuthal difference of the fis…
Fragment mass distributions from fission of excited compound nucleus $^{178}$Pt have been deduced from the measured fragment velocities. The $^{178}$Pt nucleus was created at the JAEA tandem facility in a complete fusion reaction $^{36}$Ar + $^{142}$Nd, at beam energies of 155, 170 and 180 MeV. The data are indicative of a mixture of the mass-asymmetric and mass-symmetric fission modes associated with higher and lower total kinetic energies of the fragments, respectively. The measured fragment yields are dominated by asymmetric mass splits, with the symmetric mode contributing at the level of …
Study of fusion-fission in inverse kinematics with a fragment separator
National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, MSU（国家超导回旋加速器实验室，密歇根州立大学）；Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds, CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3（重离子国家大加速器，CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3）；Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学化学系）；Department of Physics, Bucknell University（巴克内尔大学物理系）；CENBG, UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Université Bordeaux 2（波尔多大学碳和核物理中心，CNRS/IN2P3联合研究单位5797）；Universidade de Santiago de Compostela（圣地亚哥-德孔波斯特拉大学）；FLNR, JINR（朱诺夫联合核研究所重离子反应实验室）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, MSU（密歇根州立大学物理与天文学系）；IPN Orsay, CNRS/IN2P3（奥赛核物理研究所，CNRS/IN2P3）；Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, MSU（稀有同位素束流设施，密歇根州立大学）
Background: Quasifission and fusion-fission are primary mechanisms to prevent the production of superheavy elements. The recent experimental measurements reveal that the fusion-evaporation cross section in the $3n$ reaction channel of $^{48}$Ca+$^{239}$Pu is 50 times lower than using $^{244}$Pu as target nucleus. However, the precise mechanisms of this remarkable isotopic dependence are not well understood. Purpose: To understand the experimental observation of the rapid decrease of stability of superheavy nuclei as the neutron number decreases, the theoretical studies of quasifission and fusi…
Search for extremely deformed fission fragment in ^{28}Si+^{28}Si with Eurogam Phase II
A high-resolution study of fragment-fragment- $γ$ triple coincident measurements of the symmetric-mass fission exit-channel from the ^{28}Si+^{28}Si reaction has been performed at the VIVITRON Tandem facility by using the EUROGAM Phase II $γ$ -ray spectrometer. The bombarding energy E_{lab} (^{28}Si) = 111.6 MeV has been chosen to populate a well known quasi-molecular resonance in ^{56}Ni. Evidence is presented for a selective population of states in ^{28}Si fragments arising from the symmetric-fission of the ^{56}Ni compound nucleus. In the resonant region the enhanced population of the K^π =…
Mass distributions of fission fragments arising from the slow quasi-fission process have been derived by comparing the measured distributions with the theoretical distributions based on compound nuclear fission model for several reactions. The mass-distributions corresponding to quasi-fission events for all the systems show the following common features: (1) they are double peaked with fixed peak-centroids and nearly same width at different incident energies, (2) the yield of quasi-fission events decreases with the increasing projectile energy, and (3) peak corresponding to lighter fragment is…
We elucidated the reason why the average total kinetic energy (TKE) of fission fragments decreases when the excitation energy of the fissioning systems increases as indicated by experimental data for the neutron-induced fission events. To explore this problem, we used a method based on the four-dimensional Langevin equations we have developed. We have calculated the TKE of fission fragments for fissioning systems $^{236}$U$^{*}$ and $^{240}$Pu$^{*}$ excited above respective fission barriers, and compared the results with experimental data for n + $^{235}$U and n + $^{239}$Pu reactions, respect…
Isotopic yield in cold binary fission of even-even $^{244-258}$Cf isotopes
采用库仑势与邻近势之和作为相互作用势垒，研究了244- 258 Cf同位素偶偶冷裂变。从冷谷图（驱动电位与碎片质量数的关系图）和通过计算电荷最小化碎片的产率获得有利的碎片组合。发现244、246、248 Cf同位素的最高产率是以Pb（Z=82）为一个碎片的碎片，而250 Cf和252 Cf同位素的最高产率是以Hg（Z=80）为一个碎片的碎片。在254、256、258 Cf同位素的情况下，最高产率是以Sn（Z=50）作为一个片段的片段。因此，具有最大产额的碎片组合揭示了双幻核和近双幻核在二裂变中的作用。发现质量数为A252的Cf同位素有利于不对称分裂< 250 and symmetric splitting is favoured for Cf isotopes with A >.在A=252的Cf同位素的情况下，不对称分裂和对称分裂的概率相等。将252 Cf冷裂变的单个产额与γ- γ- γ符合技术的实验数据进行了比较。
The Hauser-Feshbach fission fragment decay model, $\mathtt{HF^3D}$, which calculates the statistical decay of fission fragments, has been expanded to include multi-chance fission, up to neutron incident energies of 20 MeV. The deterministic decay takes as input pre-scission quantities - fission probabilities and the average energy causing fission - and post-scission quantities - yields in mass, charge, total kinetic energy, spin, and parity. From these fission fragment initial conditions, the full decay is followed through both prompt and delayed particle emissions, allowing for the calculatio…
Isoscaling of the Fission Fragments with Langevin Equation
用Langevin方程模拟了$^{112}$ Sn + $^{112}$ Sn和$^{116}$ Sn + $^{116}$ Sn的裂变过程。假设裂变过程为对称裂变或非对称裂变，采用高斯概率抽样，给出了裂变碎片的质量分布。对两个反应的裂变碎片分析都观察到了等标度行为，等标度参数$α$似乎对裂变几率宽度和束流能量敏感。
Several sources of angular anisotropy for fission fragments and prompt neutrons have been studied in neutron-induced fission reactions. These include kinematic recoils of the target from the incident neutron beam and the fragments from the emission of the prompt neutrons, preferential directions of the emission of the fission fragments with respect to the beam axis due to the population of particular transition states at the fission barrier, and forward-peaked angular distributions of pre-equilibrium neutrons which are emitted before the formation of a compound nucleus. In addition, there are …
Measurement of the $^{236}$U fission cross section and angular distributions of fragments from fission of $^{235}$U and $^{236}$U in the neutron energy range of 0.3-500 MeV
When two fragments are created in a fission decay, any torque due to nuclear and Coulomb interaction can change the fragment's angular momentum. This article explores the character and magnitude of the angular momentum as a function of the initial conditions around the scission point using the time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory. To understand the torque acting on the fragments, the Frozen Hartree-Fock method is also used to determine the collective potential at scission. Two $^{240}$Pu fission channel ( $^{132}$Sn+$^{108}$Ru and $^{144}$Ba+$^{96}$Sr ) are studied. These two channels cover diff…
The simultaneous measurement of the isotopic fission-fragment yields and fission-fragment velocities of $^{239}$U has been performed for the first time. The $^{239}$U fissioning system was produced in one-neutron transfer reactions between a $^{238}$U beam at 5.88 MeV/nucleon and a $^{9}$Be target. The combination of inverse kinematics at low energy and the use of the VAMOS++ spectrometer at the GANIL facility allows the isotopic identification of the full fission-fragment distribution and their velocity in the reference frame of the fissioning system. The proton and neutron content of the fra…
A new, rapidly convergent Fourier over spheroid parametrization is developed to describe the shape of a fissioning nucleus: its elongation, non-axiality and left-right asymmetry and neck formation. The 4D Potential Energy Surfaces (PES) of even-even actinide nuclei are evaluated within the macro-micro model. The Langevin trajectories generated on such PESs allow for obtaining the fission fragments' mass and kinetic energy yields. The charge equilibration at the scission configuration and the post-scission neutron emission are also discussed.
Recent theoretical and experimental results have brought renewed interest and focus on the topic of fission fragment angular momentum. Measurements of neutrons and $γ$ rays in coincidence with fission fragments remain the most valuable tool in the exploration of fission physics. To achieve these scientific goals, we have developed a system that combines a state-of-the-art fission fragment detector and $n$-$γ$ radiation detectors. A new twin Frisch-gridded ionization chamber has been designed and constructed for use with a spontaneous fission source and an array of forty \textit{trans}-stilbene…
Quantum shell effects are known to affect the formation of fragments in nuclear fission. Shell effects also affect quasi-fission reactions occurring in heavy-ion collisions. Systematic time-dependent Hartree-Fock simulations of 50Ca+176Yb collisions show that the mass equilibration between the fragments in quasi-fission is stopped when they reach similar properties to those in the asymmetric fission mode of the 226Th compound nucleus. Similar shell effects are then expected to determine the final repartition of nucleons between the nascent fragments in both mechanisms. Future experimental stud…
The generation of fission fragments (FF) spins and of their relative orbital angular momentum has been debated for more than six decades and no consensus has been yet achieved so far. (The published abstract, being too long, can be found in the manuscript.)
