我们构建了两个新的氘和自旋态化学模型,用于模拟无星核和前星核中普遍存在的低温环境。这两种模型之间的根本区别在于对$\rm XH^+ + Y \longrightarrow X + YH^+$形式的离子-分子质子供体反应的处理,该反应允许通过完全扰乱或通过直接质子跳跃进行,即,不考虑质子交换。反应机制的选择影响氘和自旋态化学,在这项工作中,我们的主要兴趣是对氘代氨的影响。我们将新模型应用于无星核心H-MM 1,在那里观察到了几种氘代形式的氨。我们的研究稍微倾向于质子跳跃机制而不是完全扰乱,因为氨D/H比更好地拟合前一个模型,尽管两个模型都不能重现观察到的$\rm NH_2D$邻-对比3(模型预测值为$\sim$ 2)。扩展质子跳跃的情况下,氢原子提取反应产生了一个很好的协议的自旋态丰度比,但大大高估了氨的氘分数。然而,通过将宇宙射线电离率提高到通常采用的$\sim$ $10^{-17}\,\rm s^{-1}$值之上,我们可以找到与该模型观测相当好的一致性。我们还发现,氘馏分的几个其他物种,如$\rm H_2CO$,$\rm H_2O$,和$\rm CH_3$,是敏感的质子捐赠反应机制。无论是完全混乱或质子跳跃机制占主导地位,可能取决于反应系统,和新的实验室和理论研究,各种反应系统需要约束化学模型。
英文摘要:
We constructed two new models for deuterium and spin-state chemistry for the purpose of modeling the low-temperature environment prevailing in starless and pre-stellar cores. The fundamental difference between the two models is in the treatment of ion-molecule proton-donation reactions of the form $\rm XH^+ + Y \longrightarrow X + YH^+$, which are allowed to proceed either via full scrambling or via direct proton hop, i.e., disregarding proton exchange. The choice of the reaction mechanism affects both deuterium and spin-state chemistry, and in this work our main interest is on the effect on deuterated ammonia. We applied the new models to the starless core H-MM1, where several deuterated forms of ammonia have been observed. Our investigation slightly favors the proton hop mechanism over full scrambling because the ammonia D/H ratios are better fit by the former model, although neither model can reproduce the observed $\rm NH_2D$ ortho-to-para ratio of 3 (the models predict a value of $\sim$2). Extending the proton hop scenario to hydrogen atom abstraction reactions yields a good agreement for the spin-state abundance ratios, but greatly overestimates the deuterium fractions of ammonia. However, one can find a reasonably good agreement with the observations with this model by increasing the cosmic-ray ionization rate over the commonly-adopted value of $\sim$$10^{-17}\,\rm s^{-1}$. We also find that the deuterium fractions of several other species, such as $\rm H_2CO$, $\rm H_2O$, and $\rm CH_3$, are sensitive to the adopted proton-donation reaction mechanism. Whether the full scrambling or proton hop mechanism dominates may be dependent on the reacting system, and new laboratory and theoretical studies for various reacting systems are needed to constrain chemical models.
Observations of DNC and DCO$^+$ toward the $\int$-shaped Filament and Starless Cores in the Orion Molecular Clouds
Nobeyama Radio Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences(日本国立天文台野边山无线电观测站,国立自然科学研究所);SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)(综合研究大学院大学);Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University(大阪公立大学理学研究科物理学系);Star and Planet Formation Laboratory, RIKEN(理化学研究所星与行星形成实验室);Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications(电波大学信息工学与研究科);Faculty of Education, Kagawa University(香川大学教育学部);Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University(九州大学理学部地球惑星科学系)
c-C3H2 deuteration towards prestellar and starless cores in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research(理化学研究所前沿研究集群);National Radio Astronomy Observatory(国家射电天文台);University of Virginia(弗吉尼亚大学);University of California, Berkeley(加州大学伯克利分校);University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA(天体生物学中心(CAB),西班牙高等科学研究委员会-国家航空航天技术研究所)
ALMA ACA and Nobeyama observations of two Orion cores in deuterated molecular lines
我们用ALMA ACA 7米阵列和Nobeyama 45米射电望远镜绘制了猎户座A云中的两个分子云核心。这些核心有明亮的N $_2$ D $^+$发射在单点观测与野边山45米射电望远镜,有相对较高的氘分数,被认为是接近恒星形成的开始。一个是恒星形成核心,另一个是无恒星核心。这些核心位于沿长丝观察到的N $_2$ H $^+$,并显示窄线宽0.41公里秒$^{-1}$和0.45公里秒$^{-1}$在N $_2$ D $^+$,分别与Nobeyama 45米望远镜。用ALMA ACA 7m阵列在连续谱中检测两个核心,并在条带6处检测分子谱线。无星核G211显示出由几个子核组成的团簇结构,这些子核又显示出化学差异。此外,G211中的子核心具有几乎纯热的内部运动。特别是没有恒星的次核心G211D,显示出一个与天鹅座P相反的轮廓,暗示着坠落运动。恒星形成核心G210显示了一个有趣的空间特征,两个N $_2$ D $^+$峰具有相似的强度和径向速度,相对于单个尘埃连续峰对称地定位。一种解释是两个N $_2$ D $^+$峰代表边缘上的伪盘。然而,CO流出叶不垂直于连接两个N $_2$ D $^+$峰的线。
Inventories of Rich Carbon-Chain Chemistry in Prestellar and Starless Cores in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
University of California, Berkeley(加州大学伯克利分校);National Radio Astronomy Observatory(美国国家射电天文台);RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research(理化学研究所先导研究集群);Steward Observatory, University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学斯图尔德天文台);Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA(天体生物学中心,西班牙科学研究中心-国家航空航天技术研究所)
European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);University of Helsinki(赫尔辛基大学);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台);Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) – UMR 6251(雷恩大学、法国国家科学研究中心、雷恩物理研究所(UMR 6251));Chalmers University of Technology(查尔姆斯理工大学)