arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1909.04231cs.GTcs.DMmath.CO
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黄金游戏

Golden games

Urban Larsson, Yakov Babichenko

摘要:

我们认为广泛的形式赢输游戏在一个完整的二叉树的深度$n$,球员在交替的方式。我们研究的可以说是最简单的随机结构的收益在这样的游戏中,0/1的收益在叶画根据i.i.d.概率为$p$的伯努利分布。当$p$与黄金分割率不同时,渐近地为$n\rightarrow \infty$,游戏的获胜者被确定。在$p$等于黄金分割率的情况下,我们称这样的随机博弈为\emph{golden game}。在黄金博弈中,获胜者是首先采取行动的玩家,其概率等于黄金比例。我们建议的概念\emph{fragility}作为衡量“公平”的游戏规则。脆弱性计算了为了转换获胜玩家的身份,应该翻转多少张叶子的收益。我们的主要结果提供了黄金游戏渐进脆弱性的递归公式。令人惊讶的是,黄金游戏非常脆弱。例如,以概率$\approx 0.77$,一个失败的玩家可以翻转一个单一的收益(出$2^n$),并成为赢家。以概率$\approx 0.999$,一个失败的玩家可以翻转3个收益,成为赢家。

英文摘要:

We consider extensive form win-lose games over a complete binary-tree of depth $n$ where players act in an alternating manner. We study arguably the simplest random structure of payoffs over such games where 0/1 payoffs in the leafs are drawn according to an i.i.d. Bernoulli distribution with probability $p$. Whenever $p$ differs from the golden ratio, asymptotically as $n\rightarrow \infty$, the winner of the game is determined. In the case where $p$ equals the golden ratio, we call such a random game a \emph{golden game}. In golden games the winner is the player that acts first with probability that is equal to the golden ratio. We suggest the notion of \emph{fragility} as a measure for "fairness" of a game's rules. Fragility counts how many leaves' payoffs should be flipped in order to convert the identity of the winning player. Our main result provides a recursive formula for asymptotic fragility of golden games. Surprisingly, golden games are extremely fragile. For instance, with probability $\approx 0.77$ a losing player could flip a single payoff (out of $2^n$) and become a winner. With probability $\approx 0.999$ a losing player could flip 3 payoffs and become the winner.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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