Domain-Agnostic Learning with Anatomy-Consistent Embedding for Cross-Modality Liver Segmentation
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University(耶鲁大学生物医学工程系);Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine(耶鲁大学医学院放射科与生物医学成像系);Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University(耶鲁大学电气工程系);Department of Statistics & Data Science, Yale University(耶鲁大学统计与数据科学系);Yale School of Medicine(耶鲁大学医学院)
Junlin Yang, Nicha C. Dvornek, Fan Zhang, Juntang Zhuang, Julius Chapiro, MingDe Lin, James S. Duncan
Domain Adaptation (DA) has the potential to greatly help the generalization of deep learning models. However, the current literature usually assumes to transfer the knowledge from the source domain to a specific known target domain. Domain Agnostic Learning (DAL) proposes a new task of transferring knowledge from the source domain to data from multiple heterogeneous target domains. In this work, we propose the Domain-Agnostic Learning framework with Anatomy-Consistent Embedding (DALACE) that works on both domain-transfer and task-transfer to learn a disentangled representation, aiming to not only be invariant to different modalities but also preserve anatomical structures for the DA and DAL tasks in cross-modality liver segmentation. We validated and compared our model with state-of-the-art methods, including CycleGAN, Task Driven Generative Adversarial Network (TD-GAN), and Domain Adaptation via Disentangled Representations (DADR). For the DA task, our DALACE model outperformed CycleGAN, TD-GAN ,and DADR with DSC of 0.847 compared to 0.721, 0.793 and 0.806. For the DAL task, our model improved the performance with DSC of 0.794 from 0.522, 0.719 and 0.742 by CycleGAN, TD-GAN, and DADR. Further, we visualized the success of disentanglement, which added human interpretability of the learned meaningful representations. Through ablation analysis, we specifically showed the concrete benefits of disentanglement for downstream tasks and the role of supervision for better disentangled representation with segmentation consistency to be invariant to domains with the proposed Domain-Agnostic Module (DAM) and to preserve anatomical information with the proposed Anatomy-Preserving Module (APM).
Wayne State University(韦恩州立大学);Henry Ford Health System(亨利·福特医疗系统)
Recently, interest in MR-only treatment planning using synthetic CTs (synCTs) has grown rapidly in radiation therapy. However, developing class solutions for medical images that contain atypical anatomy remains a major limitation. In this paper, we propose a novel spatial attention-guided generative adversarial network (attention-GAN) model to generate accurate synCTs using T1-weighted MRI images as the input to address atypical anatomy. Experimental results on fifteen brain cancer patients show that attention-GAN outperformed existing synCT models and achieved an average MAE of 85.22$\pm$12.0…
Objective : Abdominal anatomy segmentation is crucial for numerous applications from computer-assisted diagnosis to image-guided surgery. In this context, we address fully-automated multi-organ segmentation from abdominal CT and MR images using deep learning. Methods: The proposed model extends standard conditional generative adversarial networks. Additionally to the discriminator which enforces the model to create realistic organ delineations, it embeds cascaded partially pre-trained convolutional encoder-decoders as generator. Encoder fine-tuning from a large amount of non-medical images all…
The 1st Solution for CARE Liver Task Challenge 2025: Contrast-Aware Semi-Supervised Segmentation with Domain Generalization and Test-Time Adaptation
Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China(南方科技大学,广东,中国);DAMO Academy, China(达摩院,中国);Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK(工程科学系,牛津大学,牛津,英国)
Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);Johns Hopkins School of Medicine(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学医学院);National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health(美国国立卫生研究院国家老龄化研究所)
Disentangling anatomical and contrast information from medical images has gained attention recently, demonstrating benefits for various image analysis tasks. Current methods learn disentangled representations using either paired multi-modal images with the same underlying anatomy or auxiliary labels (e.g., manual delineations) to provide inductive bias for disentanglement. However, these requirements could significantly increase the time and cost in data collection and limit the applicability of these methods when such data are not available. Moreover, these methods generally do not guarantee …
Yale University(耶鲁大学);Yale School of Medicine(耶鲁大学医学院);University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学);Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学苏州高等研究院);Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院)
Multimodal image registration has many applications in diagnostic medical imaging and image-guided interventions, such as Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) of liver cancer guided by intraprocedural CBCT and pre-operative MR. The ability to register peri-procedurally acquired diagnostic images into the intraprocedural environment can potentially improve the intra-procedural tumor targeting, which will significantly improve therapeutic outcomes. However, the intra-procedural CBCT often suffers from suboptimal image quality due to lack of signal calibration for Hounsfield unit, limi…
University of Edinburgh(爱丁堡大学);Canon Medical Research Europe(佳能医疗欧洲研究中心);The Alan Turing Institute(艾伦·图灵研究所)
Acquiring annotated data at scale with rare diseases or conditions remains a challenge. It would be extremely useful to have a method that controllably synthesizes images that can correct such underrepresentation. Assuming a proper latent representation, the idea of a "latent vector arithmetic" could offer the means of achieving such synthesis. A proper representation must encode the fidelity of the input data, preserve invariance and equivariance, and permit arithmetic operations. Motivated by the ability to disentangle images into spatial anatomy (tensor) factors and accompanying imaging (ve…
Diff4MMLiTS: Advanced Multimodal Liver Tumor Segmentation via Diffusion-Based Image Synthesis and Alignment
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China(电子与电气工程系,南方科技大学,深圳,中国);Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China(电气与电子工程系,香港大学,香港特别行政区,中国);Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China(放射科,中大医院,医学院,东南大学,南京,中国);Jiaxing Research Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Jiaxing, China(嘉兴研究所,南方科技大学,嘉兴,中国)
T-CACE: A Time-Conditioned Autoregressive Contrast Enhancement Multi-Task Framework for Contrast-Free Liver MRI Synthesis, Segmentation, and Diagnosis
Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University(计算机科学系,多伦多 Metropolitan 大学);School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University(生物医学工程学院,西部大学)
Helmholtz Zentrum München(慕尼黑亥姆霍兹中心);Technical University of Munich(慕尼黑工业大学);University of Freiburg(弗莱堡大学);University of Bonn(波恩大学)
Given the high incidence and effective treatment options for liver diseases, they are of great socioeconomic importance. One of the most common methods for analyzing CT and MRI images for diagnosis and follow-up treatment is liver segmentation. Recent advances in deep learning have demonstrated encouraging results for automatic liver segmentation. Despite this, their success depends primarily on the availability of an annotated database, which is often not available because of privacy concerns. Federated Learning has been recently proposed as a solution to alleviate these challenges by trainin…
Shandong Normal University(山东师范大学);Western University(韦仕敦大学)
Simultaneous segmentation and detection of liver tumors (hemangioma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)) by using multi-modality non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (NCMRI) are crucial for the clinical diagnosis. However, it is still a challenging task due to: (1) the HCC information on NCMRI is invisible or insufficient makes extraction of liver tumors feature difficult; (2) diverse imaging characteristics in multi-modality NCMRI causes feature fusion and selection difficult; (3) no specific information between hemangioma and HCC on NCMRI cause liver tumors detection difficult. In this stu…
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院计算技术研究所);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学);University of California, Los Angeles(加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校);Lenovo Research(联想研究院);Lenovo Ltd.(联想集团有限公司)
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Due to inconspicuous texture changes of liver tumor, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging is effective for the diagnosis of liver cancer. In this paper, we focus on improving automated liver tumor segmentation by integrating multi-modal CT images. To this end, we propose a novel mutual learning (ML) strategy for effective and robust multi-modal liver tumor segmentation. Different from existing multi-modal methods that fuse information from different modalities by a single model, with ML, an ensemble of modality-specific mo…
Liver segmentation on images acquired using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in clinical management of liver diseases. Compared to MRI, CT images of liver are more abundant and readily available. However, MRI can provide richer quantitative information of the liver compared to CT. Thus, it is desirable to achieve unsupervised domain adaptation for transferring the learned knowledge from the source domain containing labeled CT images to the target domain containing unlabeled MR images. In this work, we report a novel unsupervised domain adapt…
Mansoura University(曼苏尔大学);South Valley University(南河谷大学);Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology(高等工程技术学院)
The liver is one of the most critical metabolic organs in vertebrates due to its vital functions in the human body, such as detoxification of the blood from waste products and medications. Liver diseases due to liver tumors are one of the most common mortality reasons around the globe. Hence, detecting liver tumors in the early stages of tumor development is highly required as a critical part of medical treatment. Many imaging modalities can be used as aiding tools to detect liver tumors. Computed tomography (CT) is the most used imaging modality for soft tissue organs such as the liver. This …
A large amount of manual segmentation is typically required to train a robust segmentation network so that it can segment objects of interest in a new imaging modality. The manual efforts can be alleviated if the manual segmentation in one imaging modality (e.g., CT) can be utilized to train a segmentation network in another imaging modality (e.g., CBCT/MRI/PET). In this work, we developed an anatomy-constrained contrastive synthetic segmentation network (AccSeg-Net) to train a segmentation network for a target imaging modality without using its ground truth. Specifically, we proposed to use a…
Unified Multi-Modal Image Synthesis for Missing Modality Imputation
School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)(中国科学技术大学生命科学与医学部生物医学工程学院);Suzhou Institute for Advance Research, USTC(中国科学技术大学苏州高等研究院)
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University(耶鲁大学生物医学工程系);Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine(耶鲁大学医学院放射科与生物医学成像系);Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University(耶鲁大学电气工程系);Department of Statistics & Data Science, Yale University(耶鲁大学统计与数据科学系);Yale School of Medicine(耶鲁大学医学院);Yale University(耶鲁大学)
A deep learning model trained on some labeled data from a certain source domain generally performs poorly on data from different target domains due to domain shifts. Unsupervised domain adaptation methods address this problem by alleviating the domain shift between the labeled source data and the unlabeled target data. In this work, we achieve cross-modality domain adaptation, i.e. between CT and MRI images, via disentangled representations. Compared to learning a one-to-one mapping as the state-of-art CycleGAN, our model recovers a many-to-many mapping between domains to capture the complex c…
Tel Aviv University(特拉维夫大学);Sheba Medical Center(谢巴医疗中心);University College London Hospital(伦敦大学学院医院)
In this work we present a novel system for generation of virtual PET images using CT scans. We combine a fully convolutional network (FCN) with a conditional generative adversarial network (GAN) to generate simulated PET data from given input CT data. The synthesized PET can be used for false-positive reduction in lesion detection solutions. Clinically, such solutions may enable lesion detection and drug treatment evaluation in a CT-only environment, thus reducing the need for the more expensive and radioactive PET/CT scan. Our dataset includes 60 PET/CT scans from Sheba Medical center. We use…
Technical University of Munich(慕尼黑工业大学);Siemens AG(西门子股份公司);Indian Institute of Technology Delhi(印度理工学院德里分校);University Hospital Bonn(波恩大学医院)
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) offer an effective solution to the image-to-image translation problem, thereby allowing for new possibilities in medical imaging. They can translate images from one imaging modality to another at a low cost. For unpaired datasets, they rely mostly on cycle loss. Despite its effectiveness in learning the underlying data distribution, it can lead to a discrepancy between input and output data. The purpose of this work is to investigate the hypothesis that we can predict image quality based on its latent representation in the GANs bottleneck. We achieve this…
Accelerated Patient-specific Non-Cartesian MRI Reconstruction using Implicit Neural Representations
University of California, San Francisco(加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校);University of California, Los Angeles(加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校);Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California(南加州大学凯克医学院);University of San Francisco(旧金山大学)
Z 2 Sky Technologies Inc.(Z 2 天工科技公司);University of Rochester(罗切斯特大学);Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS(中国科学院计算技术研究所 中国科学院智能信息处理重点实验室);University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学);Suzhou Institute for Advance Research, University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学苏州高等研究院)
Spinal surgery planning necessitates automatic segmentation of vertebrae in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), an intraoperative imaging modality that is widely used in intervention. However, CBCT images are of low-quality and artifact-laden due to noise, poor tissue contrast, and the presence of metallic objects, causing vertebra segmentation, even manually, a demanding task. In contrast, there exists a wealth of artifact-free, high quality CT images with vertebra annotations. This motivates us to build a CBCT vertebra segmentation model using unpaired CT images with annotations. To overco…
Anatomy-constrained modelling of image-derived input functions in dynamic PET using multi-organ segmentation
Department of diagnostic and interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg(诊断与介入放射学及神经放射学系,奥格斯堡大学医院);Computer-Aided Medical Procedures and Augmented Reality, Technical University of Munich(计算机辅助医疗程序与增强现实,慕尼黑技术大学);Digital Medicine, University Hospital Augsburg(数字医学,奥格斯堡大学医院);Center of Advanced Analytics and Predictive Sciences, University of Augsburg(高级分析与预测科学中心,奥格斯堡大学)
Otto-von-Guericke University(奥托·冯·格里克大学);University Hospital of Magdeburg(马格德堡大学医院)
Deep learning-based segmentation of the liver and hepatic lesions therein steadily gains relevance in clinical practice due to the increasing incidence of liver cancer each year. Whereas various network variants with overall promising results in the field of medical image segmentation have been successfully developed over the last years, almost all of them struggle with the challenge of accurately segmenting hepatic lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This led to the idea of combining elements of convolutional and transformer-based architectures to overcome the existing limitations. T…
seg2med: a bridge from artificial anatomy to multimodal medical images
Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University(计算机辅助临床医学,曼海姆医学院,海德堡大学);Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg(模式识别实验室,埃尔兰根-纽伦堡弗里德里希-亚历山大大学);Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim(放射学与核医学系,曼海姆大学医学中心);Mannheim Institute for Intelligent Systems in Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University(曼海姆智能医学研究所,曼海姆医学院,海德堡大学);Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore(光学生物成像实验室,生物医学工程系,设计与工程学院,新加坡国立大学)
Automated surgical planning with nnU-Net: delineation of the anatomy in hepatobiliary phase MRI
The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek(荷兰癌症研究所 – 安东尼·范·列文虎克);National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT/UCC Dresden(国家肿瘤疾病中心(NCT),NCT/UCC 德累斯顿);DKFZ(德国癌症研究中心);Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology(德累斯顿工业大学医学院及卡尔·古斯塔夫·卡鲁斯大学医院);The Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), TUD Dresden University of Technology(德累斯顿工业大学触觉互联网与人机协同中心);University of Twente(特文特大学)
Yale University(耶鲁大学);Yale School of Medicine(耶鲁大学医学院)
Deep neural networks have shown exceptional learning capability and generalizability in the source domain when massive labeled data is provided. However, the well-trained models often fail in the target domain due to the domain shift. Unsupervised domain adaptation aims to improve network performance when applying robust models trained on medical images from source domains to a new target domain. In this work, we present an approach based on the Wasserstein distance guided disentangled representation to achieve 3D multi-domain liver segmentation. Concretely, we embed images onto a shared conte…
Inter-scanner and inter-protocol discrepancy in MRI datasets are known to lead to significant quantification variability. Hence image-to-image or scanner-to-scanner translation is a crucial frontier in the area of medical image analysis with a lot of potential applications. Nonetheless, a significant percentage of existing algorithms cannot explicitly exploit and preserve texture details from target scanners and offers individual solutions towards specialized task-specific architectures. In this paper, we design a multi-scale texture transfer to enrich the reconstruction images with more detai…
Multi-atlas segmentation (MAS) is a promising framework for medical image segmentation. Generally, MAS methods register multiple atlases, i.e., medical images with corresponding labels, to a target image; and the transformed atlas labels can be combined to generate target segmentation via label fusion schemes. Many conventional MAS methods employed the atlases from the same modality as the target image. However, the number of atlases with the same modality may be limited or even missing in many clinical applications. Besides, conventional MAS methods suffer from the computational burden of reg…
PAII Inc.(PAII公司);The University of Texas at Arlington(德克萨斯大学阿灵顿分校);Chang Gung Memorial Hospital(长庚纪念医院);PingAn Technology(平安科技)
In medical imaging, organ/pathology segmentation models trained on current publicly available and fully-annotated datasets usually do not well-represent the heterogeneous modalities, phases, pathologies, and clinical scenarios encountered in real environments. On the other hand, there are tremendous amounts of unlabelled patient imaging scans stored by many modern clinical centers. In this work, we present a novel segmentation strategy, co-heterogenous and adaptive segmentation (CHASe), which only requires a small labeled cohort of single phase imaging data to adapt to any unlabeled cohort of …
Precise segmentation of the liver is critical for computer-aided diagnosis such as pre-evaluation of the liver for living donor-based transplantation surgery. This task is challenging due to the weak boundaries of organs, countless anatomical variations, and the complexity of the background. Computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images have different parameters and settings. Thus, images acquired from different modalities differ from one another making liver segmentation challenging task. We propose an efficient liver segmentation with the combination of holist…
Towards Segmenting the Invisible: An End-to-End Registration and Segmentation Framework for Weakly Supervised Tumour Analysis
Institute of Technical;Business Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Human Technopole, Milan, Italy Institute of Medical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering;Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Centre for Behavioural Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in diagnosing the parotid tumor, where accurate segmentation of tumors is highly desired for determining appropriate treatment plans and avoiding unnecessary surgery. However, the task remains nontrivial and challenging due to ambiguous boundaries and various sizes of the tumor, as well as the presence of a large number of anatomical structures around the parotid gland that are similar to the tumor. To overcome these problems, we propose a novel anatomy-aware framework for automatic segmentation of parotid tumors from multimodal MRI. Fir…
University of Edinburgh(爱丁堡大学);University of California(加利福尼亚大学);Cedars-Sinai Medical Center(西达赛奈医疗中心);University of Essex(埃塞克斯大学);The Alan Turing Institute(艾伦·图灵研究所)
Automated pathology segmentation remains a valuable diagnostic tool in clinical practice. However, collecting training data is challenging. Semi-supervised approaches by combining labelled and unlabelled data can offer a solution to data scarcity. An approach to semi-supervised learning relies on reconstruction objectives (as self-supervision objectives) that learns in a joint fashion suitable representations for the task. Here, we propose Anatomy-Pathology Disentanglement Network (APD-Net), a pathology segmentation model that attempts to learn jointly for the first time: disentanglement of an…
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center(纪念斯隆凯特琳癌症中心)
We developed a new joint probabilistic segmentation and image distribution matching generative adversarial network (PSIGAN) for unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) and multi-organ segmentation from magnetic resonance (MRI) images. Our UDA approach models the co-dependency between images and their segmentation as a joint probability distribution using a new structure discriminator. The structure discriminator computes structure of interest focused adversarial loss by combining the generated pseudo MRI with probabilistic segmentations produced by a simultaneously trained segmentation sub-networ…
MRSegmentator: Multi-Modality Segmentation of 40 Classes in MRI and CT
Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin(柏林查理医院放射科);Freie Universität Berlin(柏林自由大学);Humboldt Universität zu Berlin(柏林洪堡大学);Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Radboud University Medical Center(拉德堡德大学医学中心诊断图像分析组);School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM University Hospital(医学与健康学院,莱比锡大学医院);Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg(埃朗根大学医院放射科,埃朗根-纽伦堡弗里德里希-亚历山大大学);Laboratory for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technical University of Munich(慕尼黑技术大学计算机辅助医疗程序实验室);Chair for AI in Medicine and Healthcare, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich(医学与健康中的AI教授职位,莱比锡大学医院,慕尼黑技术大学)
Deep Learning-Based Cross-Anatomy CT Synthesis Using Adapted nnResU-Net with Anatomical Feature Prioritized Loss
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LaBRI, UMR 5800, F-33400 Talence, France(波尔多大学,法国国家科学研究中心,LaBRI研究院,UMR 5800);Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain(马德里自治大学,西班牙);Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary(佩斯大学,匈牙利);RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Medical Data Deep Learning Team, Tokyo, Japan(日本再生医学科学中心,医学数据深度学习团队)
School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh(爱丁堡大学工程学院);Canon Medical Research Europe Ltd.(佳能医疗欧洲研究有限公司);The Alan Turing Institute(艾伦·图灵研究所)
Robust cardiac image segmentation is still an open challenge due to the inability of the existing methods to achieve satisfactory performance on unseen data of different domains. Since the acquisition and annotation of medical data are costly and time-consuming, recent work focuses on domain adaptation and generalization to bridge the gap between data from different populations and scanners. In this paper, we propose two data augmentation methods that focus on improving the domain adaptation and generalization abilities of state-to-the-art cardiac segmentation models. In particular, our "Resol…
Dokuz Eylul University(多库兹·埃吕尔大学);Ca’ Foscari University of Venice(威尼斯大学);Ege University(爱琴海大学);IMT Atlantique(大西洋国立高等工业技术学院);Median Technologies(Median科技公司);University of Duisburg-Essen(杜伊斯堡-埃森大学);Otto von Guericke University(奥托·冯·格里克大学);Middle East Technical University(中东技术大学);Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学)
Segmentation of abdominal organs has been a comprehensive, yet unresolved, research field for many years. In the last decade, intensive developments in deep learning (DL) have introduced new state-of-the-art segmentation systems. In order to expand the knowledge on these topics, the CHAOS - Combined (CT-MR) Healthy Abdominal Organ Segmentation challenge has been organized in conjunction with IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), 2019, in Venice, Italy. CHAOS provides both abdominal CT and MR data from healthy subjects for single and multiple abdominal organ segmentation. F…
Purdue University(普渡大学);Carmel High School(卡梅尔高中);Case Western Reserve University(凯斯西储大学);The Pennsylvania State University(宾夕法尼亚州立大学);Georgia Institute of Technology(佐治亚理工学院);University at Albany, State University of New York(纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校)