D. Kostunin, P. Bezyazeekov, N. Budnev, O. Fedorov, O. Gress, O. Grishin, A. Haungs, T. Huege, Y. Kazarina, M. Kleifges, E. Korosteleva, L. Kuzmichev, V. Lenok,… 展开作者
D. Kostunin, P. Bezyazeekov, N. Budnev, O. Fedorov, O. Gress, O. Grishin, A. Haungs, T. Huege, Y. Kazarina, M. Kleifges, E. Korosteleva, L. Kuzmichev, V. Lenok, N. Lubsandorzhiev, S. Malakhov, T. Marshalkina, R. Monkhoev, E. Osipova, A. Pakhorukov, L. Pankov, V. Prosin, F. G. Schröder, D. Shipilov, A. Zagorodnikov
备注：
Presented at the 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2019)
The Tunka Radio Extension (Tunka-Rex) is a digital antenna array located in the Tunka Valley in Siberia, which measures the radio emission of cosmic-ray air-showers with energies up to EeV. Tunka-Rex is externally triggered by the Tunka-133 air-Cherenkov timing array (during nights) and by the Tunka-Grande array of particle detectors (remaining time). These three arrays comprise the cosmic-ray extension of the Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic rays and Gamma Astronomy (TAIGA). The configuration and analysis pipeline of Tunka-Rex have significantly changed over its runtime. Density of the antennas was tripled and the pipeline has become more developed forming now sophisticated piece of reconstruction software. During its lifecycle Tunka-Rex has demonstrated that a cost-effective and full duty-cycle radio detector can reconstruct the energy and shower maximum with a precision comparable to optical detectors. Moreover, it was shown that cosmic-ray instruments, that use different detection techniques and are placed in different locations, can be cross-calibrated via their radio extensions. These results show the prospects of application of the radio technique for future large-scale experiments for cosmic-ray and neutrino detection. For the time being Tunka-Rex has ceased active measurements and focuses on the data analysis and publication of corresponding software and data in an open-access data center with online analysis features. In this report we present the current status of the array and give an overview of the results achieved during these years as well as discuss upcoming improvements in instrumentation and data analysis, which can be applied for the future radio arrays.
Tunka-Rex, the Tunka Radio extension at the TAIGA facility (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy) in Siberia, has recently been expanded to a total number 63 SALLA antennas, most of them distributed on an area of one square kilometer. In the first years of operation, Tunka-Rex was solely triggered by the co-located air-Cherenkov array Tunka-133. The correlation of the measurements by both detectors has provided direct experimental proof that radio arrays can measure the position of the shower maximum. The precision achieved so far is 40 g/cm^2, and several metho…
Tunka-Rex is the radio extension of the Tunka cosmic-ray observatory in Siberia close to Lake Baikal. Since October 2012 Tunka-Rex measures the radio signal of air-showers in coincidence with the non-imaging air-Cherenkov array Tunka-133. Furthermore, this year additional antennas will go into operation triggered by the new scintillator array Tunka-Grande measuring the secondary electrons and muons of air showers. Tunka-Rex is a demonstrator for how economic an antenna array can be without losing significant performance: we have decided for simple and robust SALLA antennas, and we share the ex…
The Tunka-Rex experiment (Tunka Radio Extension) has been deployed in 2012 at the Tunka Valley (Republic of Buryatia, Russia). Its purpose is to investigate methods for the energy spectrum and the mass composition of high-energy cosmic rays based on the radio emission of air showers. Tunka-Rex is an array of 25 radio antennas distributed over an area of 3 km^2. The most important feature of the Tunka-Rex is that the air-shower radio emission is measured in coincidence with the Tunka-133 installation, which detects the Cherenkov radiation generated by the same atmospheric showers. Joint measure…
Tunka-Rex, the Tunka radio extension, is an array of 20 antennas at the Tunka experiment close to Lake Baikal in Siberia. It started operation on 08 October 2012. The antennas are connected directly to the data acquisition of the Tunka main detector, a 1 square-km large array of 133 non-imaging photomultipliers observing the Cherenkov light of air showers in dark and clear nights. This allows to cross-calibrate the radio signal with the air-Cherenkov signal of the same air showers - in particular with respect to the energy and the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum, Xmax. Consequently, we…
Tunka-Rex is detector for radio emission produced by cosmic-ray air-showers located in Siberia, triggered by Tunka-133, a co-located air-Cherenkov detector during night, and by a scintillator array Tunka-Grande during day. Tunka-Rex demonstrates that the radio technique can provide a cost-effective extension of existing air-shower arrays. Operating in the frequency range of 30-80 MHz, Tunka-Rex is limited by the galactic background, and suffers from the local radio interferences. We investigate the possibilities of the improving of measured data using different approaches, particularly, the mu…
The Tunka observatory is located close to Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia. Its main detector, Tunka-133, is an array of photomultipliers measuring Cherenkov light of air showers initiated by cosmic rays in the energy range of approximately $10^{16}-10^{18}\,$eV. In the last years, several extensions have been built at the Tunka site, e.g., a scintillator array named Tunka-Grande, a sophisticated air-Cherenkov-detector prototype named HiSCORE, and the radio extension Tunka-Rex. Tunka-Rex started operation in October 2012 and currently features 44 antennas distributed over an area of about $3\,$k…
Tunka-Rex is a $3\,$km$^2$ large antenna array for cosmic-ray air showers at the TAIGA observatory in Siberia close to Lake Baikal. In autumn 2016 Tunka-Rex has been extended to a total of 63 stations, each equipped with SALLA antennas for two polarization directions operating in the band of $30-80\,$MHz. All antenna stations are triggered by the other cosmic-ray detectors at the site, i.e., Tunka-Rex runs in coincidence with the Tunka-Grande array of scintillation detectors and during clear nights additionally in coincidence with the Tunka-133 non-imaging air-Cherenkov array. Compared to prev…
The Tunka-Radio extension (Tunka-Rex) is a radio detector for air showers in Siberia. From 2012 to 2014, Tunka-Rex operated exclusively together with its host experiment, the air-Cherenkov array Tunka-133, which provided trigger, data acquisition, and an independent air-shower reconstruction. It was shown that the air-shower energy can be reconstructed by Tunka-Rex with a precision of 15\% for events with signal in at least 3 antennas, using the radio amplitude at a distance of 120\,m from the shower axis as an energy estimator. Using the reconstruction from the host experiment Tunka-133 for t…
We present an improved method for the precise reconstruction of cosmic ray air showers above $10^{17}$ eV with sparse radio arrays. The method is based on the comparison of predictions for radio pulse shapes by CoREAS simulations to measured pulses. We applied our method to the data of Tunka-Rex, a 1 km$^2$ radio array in Siberia operating in the frequency band of 30-80 MHz. Tunka-Rex is triggered by the air-Cherenkov detector Tunka-133 and by scintillators (Tunka-Grande). The instrument collects air-shower data since 2012. The present paper describes updated data and signal analyses of Tunka-…
The Tunka Radio Extension (Tunka-Rex) is an antenna array consisting of 63 antennas at the location of the TAIGA facility (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy) in Eastern Siberia, nearby Lake Baikal. Tunka-Rex is triggered by the air-Cherenkov array Tunka-133 during clear and moonless winter nights and by the scintillator array Tunka-Grande during the remaining time. Tunka-Rex measures the radio emission from the same air-showers as Tunka-133 and Tunka-Grande, but with a higher threshold of about 100 PeV. During the first stages of its operation, Tunka-Rex has …
The Tunka Radio Extension (Tunka-Rex) is a digital antenna array operating in the frequency band of 30-80 MHz, measuring the radio emission of air-showers induced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Tunka-Rex is co-located with the TAIGA experiment in Siberia and consists of 63 antennas, 57 of them in a densely instrumented area of about 1km2. The signals from the air showers are short pulses, which have a duration of tens of nanoseconds and are recorded in traces of about 5μs length. The Tunka-Rex analysis of cosmic-ray events is based on the reconstruction of these signals, in particular, thei…
The Tunka Radio Extension (Tunka-Rex) is a digital radio array operating in the frequency band of 30-80 MHz and detecting radio emission from air-showers produced by cosmic rays with energies above 100 PeV. The experiment is installed at the site of the TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic rays and Gamma Astronomy) observatory and performs joint measurements with the co-located particle and air-Cherenkov detectors in passive mode receiving a trigger from the latter. Tunka-Rex collects data since 2012, and during the last five years went through several upgrades. As a result the density …
We reconstructed the energy and the position of the shower maximum of air showers with energies $E \gtrsim 100 $PeV applying a method using radio measurements performed with Tunka-Rex. An event-to-event comparison to air-Cherenkov measurements of the same air showers with the Tunka-133 photomultiplier array confirms that the radio reconstruction works reliably. The Tunka-Rex reconstruction methods and absolute scales have been tuned on CoREAS simulations and yield energy and $X_{\mathrm{max}}$ values consistent with the Tunka-133 measurements. The results of two independent measurement seasons…
This article presents the first results of the combined measurements of Tunka-Rex and Tunka-Grande as well as studies of the antenna alignment effect and an overview of the recent Tunka-Rex results.
The radio technique is a promising method for detection of cosmic-ray air showers of energies around $100\,$PeV and higher with an array of radio antennas. Since the amplitude of the radio signal can be measured absolutely and increases with the shower energy, radio measurements can be used to determine the air-shower energy on an absolute scale. We show that calibrated measurements of radio detectors operated in coincidence with host experiments measuring air showers based on other techniques can be used for comparing the energy scales of these host experiments. Using two approaches, first vi…
Since its commissioning in autumn 2012, Tunka-Rex, the radio extension of the air-Cherenkov detector Tunka-133, performed three years of air shower measurements. Currently the detector consists of 44 antennas connected to air-Cherenkov and scintillator detectors, respectively, placed in the Tunka valley, Siberia. Triggered by these detectors, Tunka-Rex measures the radio signal up to EeV-scale air-showers. This configuration provides a unique possibility for cross-calibration between air-Cherenkov, radio and particle techniques. We present reconstruction methods for the energy and the shower m…
The Tunka Radio Extension (Tunka-Rex) is a radio detector at the TAIGA facility located in Siberia nearby the southern tip of Lake Baikal. Tunka-Rex measures air-showers induced by high-energy cosmic rays, in particular, the lateral distribution of the radio pulses. The depth of the air-shower maximum, which statistically depends on the mass of the primary particle, is determined from the slope of the lateral distribution function (LDF). Using a model-independent approach, we have studied possible features of the one-dimensional slope method and tried to find improvements for the reconstructio…
Detection of the mostly geomagnetically generated radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers provides an alternative to air-Cherenkov and air-fluorescence detection, since it is not limited to clear nights. Like these established methods, the radio signal is sensitive to the calorimetric energy and the position of the maximum of the electromagnetic shower component. This makes antenna arrays an ideal extension for particle-detector arrays above a threshold energy of about 100 PeV of the primary cosmic-ray particles. In the last few years the digital radio technique for cosmic-ray air showers aga…
This proceeding gives a summary of the current status and open questions of the radio technique for cosmic-ray air showers, assuming that the reader is already familiar with the principles. It includes recent results of selected experiments not present at this conference, e.g., LOPES and TREND. Current radio arrays like AERA or Tunka-Rex have demonstrated that areas of several km^2 can be instrumented for reasonable costs with antenna spacings of the order of 200 m. For the energy of the primary particle such sparse antenna arrays can already compete in absolute accuracy with other precise tec…
This review provides an introduction to the radio emission by particle cascades, an overview on the various experiments, and explains methods for the radio measurement of air-shower properties. Furthermore, potential applications of the radio technique in high-energy astroparticle physics are discussed. Due to the successful operation of digital radio experiments and due to the improved quantitative understanding of the emission, radio detection is back on the list of promising techniques for extensive air showers. With a threshold of about 100 PeV radio detectors are particularly useful to st…
