非正式导师制对学术合作的影响
The Impact of Informal Mentorship in Academic Collaborations
摘要：
受学术界导师制的众多好处的启发，我们研究了科学合作中的“非正式导师制”，即一名初级科学家由多名高级合作者支持，而他们不一定有任何正式的监督角色。为此，我们分析了跨越9个学科和超过一个世纪的研究的250万对独特的导师-学生，我们表明导师质量对学生后导师撰写的论文的科学影响具有因果关系。这种影响随着导师的数量而增加，并随着时间的推移而持续存在，跨越学科和大学等级。这种影响也随着导师的学术年龄而增加，直到他们达到30年的经验，之后它开始下降。此外，我们研究了导师和他们的门徒的性别如何影响不仅门徒后导师的影响，但也引用增益的导师与他们的门徒在导师的经验。我们发现，增加女性导师的比例降低了学生的影响，同时也损害了女性导师的收益。虽然目前的政策一直鼓励初级女性由高级女性指导，但我们的研究结果表明，留在学术界的女性的影响可能会通过鼓励异性导师而增加。
英文摘要：
Inspired by the numerous benefits of mentorship in academia, we study "informal mentorship" in scientific collaborations, whereby a junior scientist is supported by multiple senior collaborators, without them necessarily having any formal supervisory roles. To this end, we analyze 2.5 million unique pairs of mentor-protégés spanning 9 disciplines and over a century of research, and we show that mentorship quality has a causal effect on the scientific impact of the papers written by the protégé post mentorship. This effect increases with the number of mentors, and persists over time, across disciplines and university ranks. The effect also increases with the academic age of the mentors until they reach 30 years of experience, after which it starts to decrease. Furthermore, we study how the gender of both the mentors and their protégé affect not only the impact of the protégé post mentorship, but also the citation gain of the mentors during the mentorship experience with their protégé. We find that increasing the proportion of female mentors decreases the impact of the protégé, while also compromising the gain of female mentors. While current policies that have been encouraging junior females to be mentored by senior females have been instrumental in retaining women in science, our findings suggest that the impact of women who remain in academia may increase by encouraging opposite-gender mentorships instead.
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