Telescopes to be launched over the next decade-and-a-half, such as JWST, EUCLID, ATHENA and Lynx, promise to revolutionise the study of the high redshift Universe and greatly advance our understanding of the early stages of galaxy formation. We use a model that follows the evolution of the masses and spins of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) within a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation to make predictions for the Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) luminosity function at $z\geq7$ in the broadband filters of JWST and EUCLID at near-infrared wavelengths, and ATHENA and Lynx at X-ray energies. The predictions of our model are relatively insensitive to the choice of seed black hole mass, except at the lowest luminosities ($L_{\mathrm{bol}}<10^{43}\mathrm{ergs^{-1}}$) and the highest redshifts ($z>10$). We predict that surveys with these different telescopes will select somewhat different samples of SMBHs, with EUCLID unveiling the most massive, highest accretion rate SMBHs, Lynx the least massive, lowest accretion rate SMBHs, and JWST and ATHENA covering objects inbetween. At $z=7$, we predict that typical detectable SMBHs will have masses, $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\sim10^{5-8}M_{\odot}$, and Eddington normalised mass accretion rates, $\dot{M}/\dot{M}_{\mathrm{Edd}}\sim0.6-2$. The SMBHs will be hosted by galaxies of stellar mass $M_{\star}\sim10^{8-10}M_{\odot}$, and dark matter haloes of mass $M_{\mathrm{halo}}\sim10^{11-12}M_{\odot}$. We predict that the detectable SMBHs at $z=10$ will have slightly smaller black holes, accreting at slightly higher Eddington normalised mass accretion rates, in slightly lower mass host galaxies compared to those at $z=7$, and reside in haloes of mass $M_{\mathrm{halo}}\sim10^{10-11}M_{\odot}$.
Motivated by recent inferred form of the halo occupation distribution (HOD) of X-ray selected AGNs, in the COSMOS field by Allevato et al. (2012), we investigate the HOD properties of moderate X-ray luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei (mXAGNs) using a simple model based on merging activity between dark matter halos (DMHs) in a $Λ$-CDM cosmology. The HODs and number densities of the simulated mXAGNs at $z=0.5$, under the above scenarios to compare with Allevato et al. (2012) results. We find that the simulated HODs of major and minor mergers, and the observed for mXAGNs are consistent among them.…
High-Redshift Signatures from the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization
Tel Aviv University（特拉维夫大学）；University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；New York University（纽约大学）；Jadavpur University（贾达普大学）；Stockholm University（斯德哥尔摩大学）；University of Groningen（格罗宁根大学）；University of Sussex（萨塞克斯大学）；Guangxi University（广西大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）；Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院）；Northeastern University（东北大学）；Tata Institute of Fundamental Research（塔塔基础研究所）；Oberlin College（欧柏林学院）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）
We study the clustering properties of 1,307,530 AGNs/quasars in the CatWISE2020 catalog prepared using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) survey data. For angular moments $\ell \gtrapprox 10$ ($\lessapprox 18^\circ$) down to non-linear scales, the results are in agreement with the standard $Λ$CDM cosmology, with a galaxy bias roughly matching that of the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) AGNs. We further explore the redshift dependence of the fraction of infrared bright AGNs on stellar mass, $f_{\rm IB} \sim M_*^{α_0 + α_…
Upcoming data of the 21-cm hydrogen line during cosmic dawn ($z\sim 10-30$) will revolutionize our understanding of the astrophysics of the first galaxies. Here we present a case study on how to exploit those same measurements to learn about the nature of dark matter (DM) at small scales. Focusing on the Effective Theory of Structure Formation (ETHOS) paradigm, we run a suite of simulations covering a broad range of DM microphysics, connecting the output of $N$-body simulations to dedicated 21-cm simulations to predict the evolution of the 21-cm signal across the entire cosmic dawn. We find th…
Cosmic Dawn II (CoDa II) is a new, fully-coupled radiation-hydrodynamics simulation of cosmic reionization and galaxy formation and their mutual impact, to redshift $z < 6$. With $4096^3$ particles and cells in a 94 Mpc box, it is large enough to model global reionization and its feedback on galaxy formation while resolving all haloes above $10^8$ M$_{\odot}$. Using the same hybrid CPU-GPU code RAMSES-CUDATON as CoDa I in Ocvirk et al. (2016), CoDa II modified and re-calibrated the subgrid star-formation algorithm, making reionization end earlier, at $z \gtrsim 6$, thereby better matching the …
Recent JWST observations suggest an excess of $z\gtrsim10$ galaxy candidates above most theoretical models. Here, we explore how the interplay between halo formation timescales, star formation efficiency and dust attenuation affects the properties and number densities of galaxies we can detect in the early universe. We calculate the theoretical upper limit on the UV luminosity function, assuming star formation is 100% efficient and all gas in halos is converted into stars, and that galaxies are at the peak age for UV emission (~10 Myr). This upper limit is ~4 orders of magnitude greater than c…
No evolution in the number density of little red dots from cosmic dawn to cosmic noon
INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文与空间科学观测站）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学物理与天文系）；Space Telescope Science Institute for the European Space Agency (ESA), ESA Office（欧洲空间局太空望远镜科学研究所）；The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学威廉·H·米勒三世物理与天文系）；INAF – Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切尔奇天文台）
Black Hole Feedback, Galaxy Quenching and Outflows at Cosmic Dawn: Analysis of the SEEDZ Simulations
Maynooth University（梅努斯大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik（马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Universität Heidelberg（海德堡大学）；Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；University College Cork（科克大学学院）；Cardiff University（卡迪夫大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）
The co-evolution of galaxies and the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at their centers via hierarchical galaxy mergers is a key prediction of $Λ$CDM cosmology. As gas and dust are funneled to the SMBHs during the merger, the SMBHs light up as active galactic nuclei (AGNs). In some cases, a merger of two galaxies can encounter a third galaxy, leading to a triple merger, which would manifest as a triple AGN if all three SMBHs are simultaneously accreting. Using high-spatial resolution X-ray, near-IR, and optical spectroscopic diagnostics, we report here a compelling case of an AGN triplet with m…
Mergers may not be the main channel for galaxy stellar mass growth at redshift $z\gtrsim5$: Predictions from cosmological hierarchical models and simulations
Fudan University（复旦大学）；Argelander-Institut für Astronomie（阿尔加德纳天文研究所）；University of Southampton（南安普顿大学）；SISSA（国际高等研究学院）；IFPU（弗里乌利基础物理研究所）；INFN, Sezione di Trieste（意大利国家核物理研究院的里雅斯特分部）；IRA-INAF（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿雷佐分部）；Scuola Normale Superiore（比萨高等师范学院）；Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University（达勒姆大学物理学院计算宇宙学研究所）
A New Sample of $\sim$ 100 Intermediate-mass Black Holes Reaching $z \approx 1$
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院云南天文台）；Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China（自然资源部极地科学重点实验室，中国极地研究中心）；Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University（北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所）；Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University（北京大学物理学院天文学系）；National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家天文台）；Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学天文学系）；Polar Research Institute of China（中国极地研究中心）
Within standard $Λ$CDM cosmology, Population III (Pop III) star formation in minihalos of mass $M_\mathrm{halo}\gtrsim 5\times10^5$ M$_\odot$ provides the first stellar sources of Lyman$α$ (Ly$α$) photons. The Experiment to Detect the Global Epoch of Reionization Signature (EDGES) has measured a strong absorption signal of the redshifted 21 cm radiation from neutral hydrogen at $z\approx 17$, requiring efficient formation of massive stars before then. In this paper, we investigate whether star formation in minihalos plays a significant role in establishing the early Ly$α$ background required t…
Spectral Uniformity of Little Red Dots: A Natural Outcome of Coevolving Seed Black Holes and Nascent Starbursts
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University（北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所）；The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University（京都大学汤川理论物理研究所）；Tohoku University（东北大学）；Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), The University of Tokyo（东京大学宇宙物质前沿研究中心（Kavli IPMU））
The observed massive end of the galaxy stellar mass function is steeper than its predicted dark matter halo counterpart in the standard $Λ$CDM paradigm. In this paper, we investigate the impact of active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback on star formation in massive galaxies. We isolate the impact of AGNs by comparing two simulations from the HORIZON suite, which are identical except that one also includes super massive black holes (SMBH), and related feedback models. This allows us to cross-identify individual galaxies between simulations and quantify the effect of AGN feedback on their properti…
MEGATRON: Reproducing the Diversity of High-Redshift Galaxy Spectra with Cosmological Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations
University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago（芝加哥大学卡弗里宇宙物理学研究所）；University of Bath（巴斯大学）；Sorbonne Université（索邦大学）；Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris（巴黎天体物理研究所）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Lund University（隆德大学）；Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1（里昂第一大学）；CRAL UMR5574（天体物理与行星学研究中心）；ENS de Lyon（里昂高等师范学校）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡弗里宇宙学研究所）；Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室）；Yonsei University（延世大学）
