黑洞反馈、星系熄灭与宇宙黎明时的外流：SEEDZ模拟分析
Black Hole Feedback, Galaxy Quenching and Outflows at Cosmic Dawn: Analysis of the SEEDZ Simulations
AI总结：
通过SEEDZ模拟分析大质量黑洞在早期宇宙中的增长与反馈，发现黑洞自身反馈是限制其初始增长的关键因素，且早期黑洞质量上限约为10^6 M☉。
摘要：
这里我们分析了SEEDZ模拟中大质量黑洞（MBHs）的增长和反馈效应。质量最大的黑洞在z=12.5时通过持续5-30 Myr的短暂超爱丁顿吸积爆发增长到约10^6 M☉。我们发现，切断这种初始增长的决定性因素是MBH自身的反馈，而非附近的超新星或耗尽可用气体储库。我们的模拟显示，对于吸积最活跃的MBH，反馈完全将气体从宿主晕中排出并喷射到星系际介质中。尽管实施了相对较弱的反馈模型，注入MBH周围气体的能量仍超过了晕的结合能。这些结果要么表明早期（ΛCDM）宇宙中的MBH反馈比先前假设的弱得多，要么表明我们目前用JWST观测到的一些高红移星系是通过两步过程形成的，即MBH最初熄灭其宿主星系，随后通过与富气体星系合并或从宇宙网吸积来重建其重子储库。此外，SEEDZ中出现的最大黑洞质量实际上由MBH反馈模型和宿主晕的结合势共同决定。除非早期反馈极其无效（例如，如果增长以合并为主而非吸积为主，或者反馈被限制在MBH附近），否则红移12.5之前的黑洞最大质量不应显著超过10^6 M☉。
英文摘要：
Here we analyse the growth and feedback effects of massive black holes (MBHs) in the SEEDZ simulations. The most massive black holes grow to masses of $\sim10^{6}$ M$_\odot$ by $z=12.5$ during short bursts of super-Eddington accretion, sustained over a period of 5-30 Myr. We find that the determining factor that cuts off this initial growth is feedback from the MBH itself, rather than nearby supernovae or exhausting the available gas reservoir. Our simulations show that for the most actively accreting MBHs, feedback completely evacuates the gas from the host halo and ejects it into the inter-galactic medium. Despite implementing a relatively weak feedback model, the energy injected into the gas surrounding the MBH exceeds the binding energy of the halo. These results either indicate that MBH feedback in the early ($Λ$CDM) Universe is much weaker than previously assumed, or that at least some of the high redshift galaxies we currently observe with JWST formed via a two-step process, whereby a MBH initially quenches its host galaxy and later reconstitutes its baryonic reservoir, either through mergers with gas rich galaxies or from accretion from the cosmic web. Moreover, the maximum black hole masses that emerge in SEEDZ are effectively set by a combination of MBH feedback modelling and the binding potential of the host halo. Unless feedback is extremely ineffective at early times (for example if growth is merger dominated rather than accretion dominated or feedback is contained close to the MBH) then the maximum mass of black holes at redshift before 12.5 should not significantly exceed $10^6$ M$_\odot$.
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