The suppression of star formation in the inner kiloparsec regions of barred disk galaxies due to the action of bars is known as bar quenching. We investigate here the significance of bar quenching in the global quenching of star formation in the barred galaxies and their transformation to passive galaxies in the local Universe. We do this by measuring the offset of quenched barred galaxies from star-forming main sequence galaxies in the star formation rate-stellar mass plane and comparing it with the length of the bar, which is considered as a proxy of bar quenching. We constructed the star formation rate-stellar mass plane of 2885 local Universe face-on strong barred disk galaxies ($z<0.06$) identified by Galaxy Zoo. The barred disk galaxies studied here fall on the star formation main sequence relation with a significant scatter for galaxies above stellar mass 10$^{10.2}$ M$\odot$. We found that 34.97 $\%$ galaxies are within the intrinsic scatter (0.3 dex) of the main sequence relation, with a starburst population of 10.78 $\%$ (above the 0.3 dex) and a quenched population of 54.25 $\%$ (below the -0.3 dex) of the total barred disk galaxies in our sample. Significant neutral hydrogen (M$_{HI}$ >10$^{9}$ M$\odot$ with log M$_{HI}$/M$\star$ $\sim$ -1.0 to -0.5) is detected in the quenched barred galaxies with a similar gas content to that of the star-forming barred galaxies. We found that the offset of the quenched barred galaxies from the main sequence relation is not dependent on the length of the stellar bar. This implies that the bar quenching may not contribute significantly to the global quenching of star formation in barred galaxies. However, this observed result could also be due to other factors such as the dissolution of bars over time after star formation quenching, the effect of other quenching processes acting simultaneously, and/or the effects of environment.
The underlying nature of the process of star formation quenching in the central regions of barred disc galaxies that is due to the action of stellar bar is not fully understood. We present a multi-wavelength study of four barred galaxies using the archival data from optical, ultraviolet, infrared, CO, and HI imaging data on star formation progression and stellar and gas distribution to better understand the process of bar quenching. We found that for three galaxies, the region between the nuclear or central sub-kiloparsec region and the end of the bar (bar region) is devoid of neutral and mole…
Galaxy surveys have suggested that rapid and sustained decrease in the star-formation rate, "quenching", in massive disk galaxies is frequently related to the presence of a bar. Optical and near-IR observations reveal that nearly 60% of disk galaxies in the local universe are barred, thus it is important to understand the relationship between bars and star formation in disk galaxies. Recent observational results imply that the Milky Way quenched about 9-10 Gyr ago, at the transition between the cessation of the growth of the kinematically hot, old, metal-poor thick disk and the kinematically c…
Tracing evolutionary pathways of bar-driven quenching in local Universe disc galaxies
Indian Institute of Astrophysics（印度天文物理研究所）；Pondicherry University（本地治里大学）；Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam（波茨坦莱布尼茨天文物理研究所）；Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat（路德维希-马克西米利安大学）
We have used Galaxy Zoo DECaLS (GZD) to study strong and weak bars in disk galaxies. Out of the 314,000 galaxies in GZD, we created a volume-limited sample (0.01 < z < 0.05, Mr < -18.96) which contains 1,867 galaxies with reliable volunteer bar classifications in the ALFALFA footprint. In keeping with previous Galaxy Zoo surveys (such as GZ2), the morphological classifications from GZD agree well with previous morphological surveys. GZD considers galaxies to either have a strong bar (15.5%), a weak bar (28.1%) or no bar (56.4%), based on volunteer classifications on images obtained from the DE…
Galactic bars can affect the evolution of galaxies by redistributing gas in galaxies, possibly contributing to the cessation of star formation. Recent works point to 'bar quenching' playing an important role in massive disk galaxies like the Milky Way. We construct the largest ever sample of gas rich and strongly barred disc galaxies with resolved HI observations making use of both the Giant Meter Radio Telescope (GMRT) and the Karl Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) to collect data. This sample, called HIRB (HI Rich Barred) galaxies, were identified with Galaxy Zoo - to find galaxies hosting a str…
We calculate the star formation quenching timescales in green valley galaxies at intermediate redshifts ($z\sim0.5-1$) using stacked zCOSMOS spectra of different galaxy morphological types: spheroidal, disk-like, irregular and merger, dividing disk-like galaxies further into unbarred, weakly-barred and strongly-barred, assuming a simple exponentially-decaying star formation history model and based on the H$_δ$ absorption feature and the $4000$ Å~break. We find that different morphological types present different star formation quenching timescales, reinforcing the idea that the galaxy morpholo…
The central regions of star-forming barred spiral galaxies can be devoid of star formation because of the redistribution of gas along the length of the bar. However, there can be gas outside the length of the bar that can host star formation. We study a sample of barred disc galaxies in the local Universe with an aim to discriminate between centrally quenched and globally quenched galaxies based on their positions on star-formation-rate(SFR)--stellar mass plots and to find a connection between the SFR of quenched galaxies and the length of their bar. We classified barred galaxies as centrally …
The phenomenological study of evolving galaxy populations has shown that star forming galaxies can be quenched by two distinct processes: mass quenching and environment quenching (Peng et al. 2010). To explore the mass quenching process in local galaxies, we study the massive central disk galaxies with stellar mass above the Schechter characteristic mass. In Zhang et al. (2019), we showed that during the quenching of the massive central disk galaxies as their star formation rate (SFR) decreases, their molecular gas mass and star formation efficiency drop rapidly, but their HI gas mass remains …
The physical processes related to the effect of bar in the quenching of star formation in the region between the nuclear/central sub-kpc region and the ends of the bar (bar-region) of spiral galaxies is not fully understood. It is hypothesized that the bar can either stabilize the gas against collapse, inhibiting star formation or efficiently consume all the available gas, with no fuel for further star formation. We present a multi-wavelength study using the archival data of an early-type barred spiral galaxy, Messier 95, which shows signatures of suppressed star formation in the bar-region. U…
A growing body of evidence indicates that the star formation rate per unit stellar mass (sSFR) decreases with increasing mass in normal "main-sequence" star forming galaxies. Many processes have been advocated as responsible for such a trend (also known as mass quenching), e.g., feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and the formation of classical bulges. We determine a refined star formation versus stellar mass relation in the local Universe. To this aim we use the Halpha narrow-band imaging follow-up survey (Halpha3) of field galaxies selected from the HI Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Surve…
We analyse the output of the hi-res cosmological zoom-in simulation ErisBH to study self-consistently the formation of a strong stellar bar in a Milky Way-type galaxy and its effect on the galactic structure, on the central gas distribution and on star formation. The simulation includes radiative cooling, star formation, SN feedback and a central massive black hole which is undergoing gas accretion and is heating the surroundings via thermal AGN feedback. A large central region in the ErisBH disk becomes bar-unstable after z~1.4, but a clear bar-like structure starts to grow significantly only…
Using 57 Radio Active Galactic nuclei (RAGN) at 0.55 $\leq$ z $\leq$ 1.3 drawn from five fields of the Observations of Redshift Evolution in Large Scale Environments (ORELSE) survey, we study the effect of injection of energy from outbursts of RAGN on their spectroscopically-confirmed neighboring galaxies (SNGs). We observe an elevated fraction of quenched neighbors (fq) within 500 kpc projected radius of RAGN in the most dense local environments compared to those of non-RAGN control samples matched to the RAGN population in colour, stellar mass, and local environment at 2$σ$ significance. Fur…
In a framework where galaxies mostly migrate on the colour-magnitude diagram from star-forming to quiescent, the green valley is considered a transitional galaxy stage. The details of the processes that drive galaxies from star-forming to passive systems still remain unknown. We developed a method that estimates empirically the star formation quenching times-scales of green valley galaxies, assuming an exponential decay model of the SFH and through a combination of narrow and broad bands from J-PLUS and GALEX. We correlate these quenching time-scales with the presence of bars. We find that the…
We use stellar mass functions to study the properties and the significance of quenching through major galaxy mergers. In addition to SDSS DR7 and Galaxy Zoo 1 data, we use samples of visually selected major galaxy mergers and post merger galaxies. We determine the stellar mass functions of the stages that we would expect major merger quenched galaxies to pass through on their way from the blue cloud to the red sequence: 1: major merger, 2: post merger, 3: blue early type, 4: green early type and 5: red early type. Based on the similar mass function shapes we conclude that major mergers are lik…
Among the many processes involved in galaxy evolution, those of bar formation, quenching, and feedback from an active galactic nucleus (AGN) seem to be connected, however, the nature of these relations remains unclear. In this work, we aim to elucidate them by studying the formation of a barred galaxy in a major merger of two disks in the IllustrisTNG simulations. This merger involves a coalescence of two supermassive black holes and a sudden switch to the kinetic mode of AGN feedback implemented in the simulations, which leads to the removal of the gas from the inner part of the galaxy, follo…
For a sample of 4378 nearby spiral and S0 galaxies, Yu and Ho (2020) used Fourier analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey images to show that the strengths of the spiral arms and the pitch angles of the arms are inversely correlated with central concentration. In the current study, we search for trends in the Yu and Ho (2020) spiral arm parameters with environment and specific star formation rate (sSFR). When comparing galaxies with similar concentrations, we do not find a significant difference in the arm strengths or pitch angles of spiral galaxies in clusters compared to field galaxies. When d…
We estimate the current extinction-corrected H$α$ star formation rate (SFR) of the different morphological components that shape galaxies (bulges, bars, and disks). We use a multi-component photometric decomposition based on SDSS imaging to CALIFA Integral Field Spectroscopy datacubes for a sample of 219 galaxies. This analysis reveals an enhancement of the central SFR and specific SFR (sSFR $=$ SFR/$M_{\star}$) in barred galaxies. Along the Main Sequence, we find more massive galaxies in total have undergone efficient suppression (quenching) of their star formation, in agreement with many stu…
The onset of stellar bars at Cosmic Noon. Bar-driven quenching and AGN co-evolution in a mature disc galaxy
Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（天体生物学中心）；Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de La Serena（拉塞雷纳大学天文系）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理学研究所）；Departamento de Astrofísica de la Universidad de La Laguna（拉古纳大学天体物理学系）；Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad（马什哈德菲尔道西大学理学院物理系）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（帕多瓦天文台）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova（帕多瓦大学伽利略物理与天文学系）
Quenching, the cessation of star formation, is one of the most significant events in the life cycle of galaxies. We show here the first evidence that the Milky Way experienced a generalised quenching of its star formation at the end of its thick disk formation $\sim$9 Gyr ago. Elemental abundances of stars studied as part of the APOGEE survey reveal indeed that in less than $\sim$2 Gyr the star formation rate in our Galaxy dropped by an order-of-magnitude. Because of the tight correlation between age and alpha abundance, this event reflects in the dearth of stars along the inner disk sequence …
We constrain the spatial gradient of star formation history within galaxies using the colour gradients in NUV-u and u-i for a local spatially-resolved galaxy sample. By splitting each galaxy into an inner and an outer part, we find that most galaxies show negative gradients in these two colours. We first rule out dust extinction gradient and metallicity gradient as the dominant source for the colour gradient. Then using stellar population models, we explore variations in star formation history to explain the colour gradients. As shown by our earlier work, a two-phase SFH consisting of an early…
We show that the bulge and the disk of the Milky Way (MW) at R$\lesssim$7~kpc are well described by a unique chemical evolution and a two-phase star-formation history (SFH). We argue that the populations within this inner disk, not the entire disk, are the same, and that the outer Lindblad resonance (OLR) of the bar plays a key role in explaining this uniformity. In our model of a two-phase star formation history, the metallicity, [$α$/Fe] and [$α$/H] distributions, and age-metallicity relation are all compatible with the observations of both the inner disk and bulge. The dip at [Fe/H]$\sim$0 …
We present a study of the star-formation rate (SFR)-density relation at z ~ 0.9 using data drawn from the Observations of Redshift Evolution in Large Scale Environments (ORELSE) survey. We find that SFR does depend on environment, but only for intermediate-stellar mass galaxies (10^10.1 < M* / Msol < 10^10.8) wherein the median SFR at the highest densities is 0.2-0.3 dex less than at lower densities at a significance of 4 sigma. Interestingly, mass does not drive SFR; galaxies that are more/less massive have SFRs that vary at most by ~20% across all environments showing no statistically signif…
The baryon cycle of galaxies is a dynamic process involving the intake, consumption and ejection of vast quantities of gas. In contrast, the conventional picture of satellite galaxies has them methodically turning a large gas reservoir into stars until this reservoir is forcibly removed due to external ram pressure. This picture needs revision. Our modern understanding of the baryon cycle suggests that in some regimes the simple interruption of the fresh gas supply may quench satellite galaxies long before stripping events occur, a process we call overconsumption. We compile measurements from …
Anisotropic quenching beyond $z=1$ and its implications for preprocessing around high-redshift galaxy clusters
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo（东京大学宇宙射线研究所）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo（东京大学理学研究科天文学系）；Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo（东京大学理学研究科早期宇宙研究中心）；Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark（丹麦黎明中心）；DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学空间研究中心）；Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo（东京大学高等研究院理化学宇宙 Kavli 研究所）；Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo（东京大学数据驱动发现中心）
A rare population of massive disk galaxies have been found to invade the red sequence dominated by early-type galaxies. These red/quenched massive disk galaxies have recently gained great interest into their formation and origins. The usually proposed quenching mechanisms, such as bar quenching and environment quenching, seem not suitable for those bulge-less quenched disks in low-density environment. In this paper, we use the IllustrisTNG-300 simulation to investigate the formation of massive quenched central disk galaxies. It is found that these galaxies contain less gas and harbor giant sup…
We study the significance of mergers in the quenching of star formation in galaxies at z~1 by examining their color-mass distributions for different morphology types. We perform two-dimensional light profile fits to GOODS iz images of ~5000 galaxies and X-ray selected active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosts in the CANDELS/GOODS-north and south fields in the redshift range 0.7<z<1.3. Distinguishing between bulge-dominated and disk-dominated morphologies, we find that disks and spheroids have distinct color-mass distributions, in agreement with studies at z~0. The smooth distribution across colors f…
The quenching "maintenance'" and related "cooling flow" problems are important in galaxies from Milky Way mass through clusters. We investigate this in halos with masses $\sim 10^{12}-10^{14}\,{\rm M}_{\odot}$, using non-cosmological high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations with the FIRE-2 (Feedback In Realistic Environments) stellar feedback model. We specifically focus on physics present without AGN, and show that various proposed "non-AGN" solution mechanisms in the literature, including Type Ia supernovae, shocked AGB winds, other forms of stellar feedback (e.g. cosmic rays), magnetic fiel…
The effects of bar strength and kinematics on galaxy evolution II: The global and local impacts of slow-strong bars
Haverford College（哈弗福德学院）；University of California Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Lancaster University（兰开斯特大学）
We conduct the first self-consistent numerical simulations of a recently discovered population of 47 large, faint (ultra-diffuse) galaxies, speculated to lie in the Coma cluster. With structural properties consistent with very large low surface brightness systems (i.e. $μ$(g,0)$<24$ mag arcsec$^{\rm -2}$, r$_{\rm eff}$ comparable to the Galaxy), the red colour ($\langle$g-r$\rangle$$\sim$0.8) and assumed low metallicity of these objects compels us to consider a scenario in which these are underdeveloped galaxies whose early ($z$$\simeq$2) accretion to an overdense environment quenched further …
We present a study of the integrated properties of the 835 galaxies in the CALIFA survey. To derive the main physical parameters of the galaxies we have fitted their UV-to-IR spectral energy distributions (SED) with sets of theoretical models using CIGALE. We perform a comparison of the integrated galaxy parameters derived from multi-band SED fitting with those obtained from modelling the Integral Field Unit (IFU) spectra and show the clear advantage of using the SED-derived star formation rates (SFR). A detailed analysis of galaxies in the SFR/Mstar plane as a function of their properties rev…
We present a numerical study of the impact of AGN accretion and feedback on the star formation history of barred disc galaxies. Our goal is to determine whether the effect of feedback is positive (enhanced star formation) or negative (quenched star formation), and to what extent. We performed a series of 12 hydrodynamical simulations of disc galaxies, 10 barred and 2 unbarred, with various initial gas fractions and AGN feedback prescriptions. In barred galaxies, gas is driven toward the centre of the galaxy and causes a starburst, followed by a slow decay, while in unbarred galaxies the SFR in…
Suppression of star formation at the centre of barred AGN galaxies
Waseda University（早稻田大学）；University of Tsukuba（筑波大学）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy（马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所）；Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院紫金山天文台）
Observations of massive outflows with detectable central AGN typically find them within radii $\lesssim 10$ kpc. We show that this apparent size restriction is a natural result of AGN driving if this process injects total energy only of order the gas binding energy to the outflow, and the AGN varies over time (`flickers') as suggested in recent work. After the end of all AGN activity the outflow continues to expand to larger radii, powered by the thermal expansion of the remnant shocked AGN wind. We suggest that on average, outflows should be detected further from the nucleus in more massive g…
This paper describes an automatic isophotal fitting procedure that succeeds, without the support of any visual inspection of neither the images nor the ellipticity/P.A. radial profiles, at extracting a fairly pure sample of barred LTGs among thousands of optical images from the SDSS. The procedure relies on the methods described in Consolandi et al. (2016) to robustly extract the photometrical properties of a large sample of local SDSS galaxies and is tailored to extract bars on the basis of their well-known peculiarities in their P.A. and ellipticity profiles. It has been run on a sample of 5…
We explore the redshift evolution of a curious correlation between the star-formation properties of central galaxies and their satellites (`galactic conformity') at intermediate to high redshift ($0.4<z<1.9$). Using an extremely deep near-infrared survey, we study the distribution and properties of satellite galaxies with stellar masses, ${\rm log} ({\rm M}_*/{\rm M}_{\odot})>9.7$, around central galaxies at the characteristic Schechter function mass, ${\rm M} \sim {\rm M}^{\ast}$. We fit the radial profiles of satellite number densities with simple power laws, finding slopes in the range -1.1…
We study how star formation (SF) is quenched in low-redshift disk galaxies with integral-field spectroscopy. We select 131 face-on spiral galaxies with stellar mass greater than $\rm 3\times10^{10}M_\odot$, and with spatially resolved spectrum from MaNGA DR13. We subdivide the sample into four groups based on the offset of their global specific star formation rate (SFR) from the star-forming main sequence and stack the radial profiles of stellar mass and SFR. By comparing the stacked profiles of quiescent and star-forming disk galaxies, we find that the decrease of the global SFR is caused by …
We analyze the SDSS data to classify the galaxies based on their colour using a fuzzy set-theoretic method and quantify their environments using the local dimension. We find that the fraction of the green galaxies does not depend on the environment and $10\%-20\%$ of the galaxies at each environment are in the green valley depending on the stellar mass range chosen. Approximately $10\%$ of the green galaxies at each environment host an AGN. Combining data from the Galaxy Zoo, we find that $\sim 95\%$ of the green galaxies are spirals and $\sim 5\%$ are ellipticals at each environment. Only $\s…
We use the Henriques et al. (2015) version of the Munich galaxy formation model (L-GALAXIES) to investigate why the halo and stellar mass scales above which galaxies are quenched are constant with redshift and coincide with the scale where baryons are most efficiently converted into stars. This model assumes that central galaxies are quenched by AGN feedback when hot halo gas accretes onto a supermassive black hole. Nevertheless, we find that supernova (SN) feedback sets both mass scales. As haloes grow above a threshold mass, SNe can no longer eject material so their hot gas content increases…
Galaxy Zoo Bar Lengths: A Catalogue of Measurements from Hubble Space Telescope Images and the Evolution of Galactic Bar Structure at z < 1
University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校）；Lancaster University（兰卡斯特大学）；Haverford College（哈弗福德学院）；University of California, San Diego（加州大学圣迭戈分校）；Masaryk University（马萨里克大学）
We report evidence for star formation quenching in the central 8.6 kpc region of the jellyfish galaxy JO201 which hosts an active galactic nucleus, while undergoing strong ram pressure stripping. The ultraviolet imaging data of the galaxy disk reveal a region with reduced flux around the center of the galaxy and a horse shoe shaped region with enhanced flux in the outer disk. The characterization of the ionization regions based on emission line diagnostic diagrams shows that the region of reduced flux seen in the ultraviolet is within the AGN-dominated area. The CO J$_{2-1}$ map of the galaxy …
The formation and assembly process of massive galaxies is a combination of two phases: an initial in-situ-dominated one followed by an ex-situ-dominated evolution. Separating these two contributions is therefore crucial to understand the baryonic cycle within massive halos. A recently discovered population of so-called naked red nuggets, galaxies that shortcut the ex-situ stage preserving their pristine properties, presents a unique opportunity to study in detail star formation in massive galaxies without the confounding effect of later accretion. We investigate the spatially resolved star for…
We present CO(1-0) maps of 12 warm H$_2$-selected Hickson Compact Groups (HCGs), covering 14 individually imaged warm H$_2$ bright galaxies, with CARMA. We found a variety of molecular gas distributions within the HCGs, including regularly rotating disks, bars, rings, tidal tails, and possibly nuclear outflows, though the molecular gas morphologies are more consistent with spirals and early-type galaxies than mergers and interacting systems. Our CO-imaged HCG galaxies show star formation suppression of $\langle$S$\rangle$=10$\pm$5, distributed bimodally, with five objects exhibiting suppressio…
We use the scatter in the stellar-to-halo mass relation to constrain galaxy evolution models. If the efficiency of converting accreted baryons into stars varies with time, halos of the same present-day mass but different formation histories will have different z=0 galaxy stellar mass. This is one of the sources of scatter in stellar mass at fixed halo mass, $σ_{\log M\ast}$. For massive halos that undergo rapid quenching of star formation at z~2, different mechanisms that trigger this quenching yield different values of $σ_{\log M\ast}$. We use this framework to test various models in which qu…
Circumgalactic medium depletion drives satellite quenching in IllustrisTNG
European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡弗里宇宙学研究所）；Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室）；Astronomisches Rechen Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg（海德堡大学天体物理计算研究所）；Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München（慕尼黑大学物理学院）；College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma（多多马大学自然与数理科学学院）；School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham（伯明翰大学物理与天文学院）
The discrepancy between the visible mass in galaxies or galaxy clusters, and that inferred from their dynamics is well known. The prevailing solution to this problem is dark matter. Here we show that a different approach, one that conforms to both the current Standard Model of Particle Physics and General Relativity, explains the recently observed tight correlation between the galactic baryonic mass and its observed acceleration. Using direct calculations based on General Relativity's Lagrangian, and parameter-free galactic models, we show that the nonlinear effects of General Relativity make …
We analyse the properties of strongly barred disc galaxies using the TNG100 simulation, a cosmological hydrodynamical realisation of the IllustrisTNG suite. We identify 270 disc galaxies at $z=0$ in the stellar mass range $M_{*}=10^{10.4-11}M_{\odot}$, of which 40 per cent are barred. Of the detected bars, more than half are strong. We find that the fraction of barred galaxies increases with stellar mass, in agreement with observational results. Strongly barred galaxies exhibit, overall, lower gas-to-stellar mass ratios compared to unbarred galaxies. The majority of barred galaxies are quenche…
