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arXiv 1906.11271astro-ph.GAastro-ph.HE
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大质量黑洞种子的宇宙学模拟:下一代电磁波和引力波观测的预测

Cosmological simulations of massive black hole seeds: predictions for next generation electromagnetic and gravitational wave observations

Colin DeGraf, Debora Sijacki

摘要:

在结构形成的宇宙学模拟中,我们研究了超大质量黑洞的统计性质如何依赖于质量种子形成的频率和条件。我们开发了一种新的方法来重新计算详细的生长历史和合并树的黑洞的Illustris模拟的框架内的几个种子形成模型,包括一个物理动机的模型,黑洞种子只形成在祖星系,符合直接坍缩黑洞形成的条件。虽然这里考虑的所有种子模型是在一个广泛的协议与目前的观测约束黑洞人口从光学,紫外线和X射线的研究,我们发现,它们导致广泛不同的黑洞数密度和晕占据分数,目前观测不受约束。在未来的电磁波谱观测中,暗端类星体的光度函数和低质量端黑洞-宿主星系的标度关系对特定的质量种子处方非常敏感。具体而言,直接坍缩模型表现出播种效率迅速下降,宇宙时间和产生更少的黑洞在低质量星系,在原来的Illustris模拟。我们进一步发现,总的黑洞合并率的变化超过一个数量级的不同的种子模型,啁啾质量的红移演化的变化以及。超大质量黑洞合并探测与LISA和国际脉冲星定时阵列,因此可能提供最直接的手段,限制大质量黑洞种子形成的早期宇宙。

英文摘要:

We study how statistical properties of supermassive black holes depend on the frequency and conditions for massive seed formation in cosmological simulations of structure formation. We develop a novel method to recalculate detailed growth histories and merger trees of black holes within the framework of the Illustris simulation for several seed formation models, including a physically motivated model where black hole seeds only form in progenitor galaxies that conform to the conditions for direct collapse black hole formation. While all seed models considered here are in a broad agreement with present observational constraints on black hole populations from optical, UV and X-ray studies, we find that they lead to widely different black hole number densities and halo occupation fractions which are currently observationally unconstrained. In terms of future electromagnetic spectrum observations, the faint-end quasar luminosity function and the low-mass-end black hole-host galaxy scaling relations are very sensitive to the specific massive seed prescription. Specifically, the direct collapse model exhibits a seeding efficiency which decreases rapidly with cosmic time and produces much fewer black holes in low mass galaxies, in contrast to the original Illustris simulation. We further find that the total black hole merger rate varies by more than one order of magnitude for different seed models, with the redshift evolution of the chirp mass changing as well. Supermassive black hole merger detections with LISA and International Pulsar Timing Array may hence provide the most direct means of constraining massive black hole seed formation in the early Universe.

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