arXiv 2202.047642022-02-09astro-ph.GAgr-qc

利用多波段引力波观测站探索高红移黑洞形成的前景

Prospects to Explore High-redshift Black Hole Formation with Multi-band Gravitational Waves Observatories

Hsin-Yu Chen, Angelo Ricarte, Fabio Pacucci

摘要：

早期宇宙中大质量黑洞的聚集仍然是天体物理学中一个缺乏约束的开放性问题。轻种子（质量低于$\sim 1000M_{\odot}$的第三星族恒星的残余）或重种子（质量在$10^4-10^6 M_{\odot}$范围内）的合并和吸积都可以解释大质量黑洞的形成，但种子的丰度及其合并机制是高度不确定的。在接下来的几十年里，即将上线的引力波天文台有望观测到非常高红移的合并，从而揭示第一个黑洞的种子。在这封信中，我们探讨了LISA，宇宙探测器和爱因斯坦望远镜的潜力和局限性，以限制轻重种子的混合比，以及合并星系中中心黑洞合并的概率。由于第三代地基引力波探测器将只观察轻种子合并，我们演示了两种情况下，种子混合比和合并概率的推断可以是有限的。为了充分描述高红移黑洞形成的过程，多波段引力波观测和电磁观测的协同作用可能是必要的。

英文摘要：

The assembly of massive black holes in the early universe remains a poorly constrained open question in astrophysics. The merger and accretion of light seeds (remnants of Population III stars with mass below $\sim 1000M_{\odot}$) or heavy seeds (in the mass range $10^4-10^6 M_{\odot}$) could both explain the formation of massive black holes, but the abundance of seeds and their merging mechanism are highly uncertain. In the next decades, the gravitational-wave observatories coming online are expected to observe very high-redshift mergers, shedding light on the seeding of the first black holes. In this Letter we explore the potential and limitations for LISA, Cosmic Explorer and Einstein Telescope to constrain the mixture ratio of light and heavy seeds as well as the probability that central black holes in merging galaxies merge as well. Since the third generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors will only observe light seed mergers, we demonstrate two scenarios in which the inference of the seed mixture ratio and merging probability can be limited. The synergy of multi-band gravitational-wave observations and electromagnetic observations will likely be necessary in order to fully characterize the process of high-redshift black hole formation.

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