“事实”如何塑造现代哲学：事实的流动概念与德国物理学和历史学的共同起源
How "Facts" Shaped Modern Disciplines: The Fluid Concept of Fact and the Common Origins of German Physics and Historiography
摘要：
事实概念的这段历史表明，德国物理学家和历史学家以事实为导向的实践有着共同的起源。事实的概念成为德语的一部分非常晚。直到18世纪末，它才获得了发展势头。我表明，事实的概念出现了历史知识传统的一部分，其中包括人类和自然的实证研究。大约在1800年，这一传统的一部分，包括事实的概念，被整合到几个新兴学科的认识论基础中，包括物理学和历史学。在这个学科形成的过程中，事实的概念一直是流动的。我通过发掘1800年前后不同德国语境中对事实的不同解释和作用来揭示这种流动性。我展示了一个基于事实的认识论如何在18世纪后期出现在哥廷根大学，通过关注普遍历史学家奥古斯特·路德维希·施勒策和实验主义者格奥尔格·克里斯托夫·利希滕贝格。在科学和政治革命的时代，他们将事实视为永恒的知识，并将其与短命的理论和猜测进行对比。值得注意的是，施勒策尔和利希滕贝格将事实解释为科学的基础，而不是科学本身。直到1800年以后，有经验主义头脑的德国物理学家和历史学家才承认事实具有自足的价值。随着物理学和历史学在德国大学的制度化，事实的概念在不同的学科背景下获得了不同的解释。这些与面向事实的研究实践有关，例如物理学中的精确测量和史学中的来源批评。
英文摘要：
This history of the concept of fact reveals that the fact-oriented practices of German physicists and historians derived from common origins. The concept of fact became part of the German language remarkably late. It gained momentum only toward the end of the eighteenth century. I show that the concept of fact emerged as part of a historical knowledge tradition, which comprised both human and natural empirical study. Around 1800, parts of this tradition, including the concept of fact, were integrated into the epistemological basis of several emerging disciplines, including physics and historiography. During this process of discipline formation, the concept of fact remained fluid. I reveal this fluidity by unearthing different interpretations and roles of facts in different German contexts around 1800. I demonstrate how a fact-based epistemology emerged at the University of Göttingen in the late eighteenth century, by focusing on universal historian August Ludwig Schlözer and the experimentalist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. In a time of scientific and political revolutions, they regarded facts as eternal knowledge, contrasting them with short-lived theories and speculations. Remarkably, Schlözer and Lichtenberg construed facts as the basis of Wissenschaft, but not as Wissenschaft itself. Only after 1800, empirically minded German physicists and historians granted facts self-contained value. As physics and historiography became institutionalized at German universities, the concept of fact acquired different interpretations in different disciplinary settings. These related to fact-oriented research practices, such as precision measurement in physics and source criticism in historiography.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
