1900年前后德国物理学中的事实概念--马赫与爱因斯坦之比较
The Concept of Fact in German Physics around 1900: A Comparison between Mach and Einstein
摘要：
事实的概念是有历史的。在过去的几个世纪里，物理学家以各种方式利用它。在这篇文章中，我们比较了马赫和爱因斯坦对这个概念的解释。马赫和大多数19世纪的物理学家一样，把事实和理论对立起来。他把事实理解为自然事件的真实而复杂的组合。反过来，理论只用于有效地整理和交流事实。爱因斯坦的事实概念与马赫的概念不相容，因为爱因斯坦相信事实也可以是理论的，正如他认为数学理论在代表现实方面起着主导作用一样。例如，他用事实的概念来指经验的普遍有效的结果。我们揭示的马赫和爱因斯坦之间的差异象征着德国物理学科中更广泛的紧张局势。此外，它们强调了事实范畴在历史上的流动性，无论是在物理学内部还是外部。
英文摘要：
The concept of fact has a history. Over the past centuries, physicists have appropriated it in various ways. In this article, we compare Ernst Mach and Albert Einstein's interpretations of the concept. Mach, like most nineteenth-century physicists, contrasted fact and theory. He understood facts as real and complex combinations of natural events. Theories, in turn, only served to order and communicate facts efficiently. Einstein's concept of fact was incompatible with Mach's, since Einstein believed facts could be theoretical too, just as he ascribed mathematical theorizing a leading role in representing reality. For example, he used the concept of fact to refer to a generally valid result of experience. The differences we disclose between Mach and Einstein were symbolic for broader tensions in the German physics discipline. Furthermore, they underline the historically fluid character of the category of the fact, both within physics and beyond.
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