一千个地球：用于大气生物特征调查的超大孔径超轻Space Telescope阵列
A Thousand Earths: A Very Large Aperture, Ultralight Space Telescope Array for Atmospheric Biosignature Surveys
摘要：
现代科学的一个突出的、多学科的目标是研究潜在的类地行星的多样性，并在其中寻找生命。这一目标需要大胆的新一代太空望远镜，但即使是最雄心勃勃的设计，也希望能够描述几十个潜在的宜居行星。这样的样本可能太小，无法真正理解系外地球的复杂性。我们在这里描述了一个概念性的概念，一个新的空间天文台，旨在表征1,000过境exe-earth候选人。Nautilus概念的基础是一组可充气航天器，携带直径非常大（8.5米）、重量非常轻的多级衍射光学元件（MODE透镜）作为光收集元件。目前太空望远镜的典型反射镜被MODE透镜所取代，其面密度轻10倍，对未对准的敏感度低100倍，从而实现了轻质结构。MODE镜片可以通过模塑成型进行成本效益高的复制。与目前的空间望远镜模式相比，Nautilus飞行任务概念有可能通过复制组件和相同的轻型单元望远镜，大大降低制造和发射成本以及飞行任务风险。Nautilus的设计目的是调查最远300 pc距离的过境系外地球的生物特征，从而对承载生命的行星的频率和特性以及系外地球的多样性进行严格的统计探索。
英文摘要：
An outstanding, multi-disciplinary goal of modern science is the study of the diversity of potentially Earth-like planets and the search for life in them. This goal requires a bold new generation of space telescopes, but even the most ambitious designs yet hope to characterize several dozen potentially habitable planets. Such a sample may be too small to truly understand the complexity of exo-earths. We describe here a notional concept for a novel space observatory designed to characterize 1,000 transiting exo-earth candidates. The Nautilus concept is based on an array of inflatable spacecraft carrying very large diameter (8.5m), very low-weight, multi-order diffractive optical elements (MODE lenses) as light-collecting elements. The mirrors typical to current space telescopes are replaced by MODE lenses with a 10 times lighter areal density that are 100 times less sensitive to misalignments, enabling light-weight structure. MODE lenses can be cost-effectively replicated through molding. The Nautilus mission concept has a potential to greatly reduce fabrication and launch costs, and mission risks compared to the current space telescope paradigm through replicated components and identical, light-weight unit telescopes. Nautilus is designed to survey transiting exo-earths for biosignatures up to a distance of 300 pc, enabling a rigorous statistical exploration of the frequency and properties of life-bearing planets and the diversity of exo-earths.
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