Real-time free-running time scale with remote clocks on fiber-based frequency network

Q-Pix: Pixel-scale Signal Capture for Kiloton Liquid Argon TPC Detectors: Time-to-Charge Waveform Capture, Local Clocks, Dynamic Networks

We describe a novel ionization signal capture and waveform digitization scheme for kiloton-scale liquid argon Time Projection Chamber (TPC) detectors. The scheme is based on a pixel-scale self-triggering `charge integrate/reset' block, local clocks running at unconstrained frequencies and dynamically established data networks. The scheme facilitates detailed capture of waveforms of arbitrary complexity from a sequence of varying time intervals, each of which corresponds to a fixed charge integral. An absolute charge auto-calibration process based on intrinsic $^{39}$Ar decay current is a major…

A HBAR-oscillator-based 4.596~GHz frequency source: Application to a coherent population trapping Cs vapor cell atomic clock

This article reports on the design and characterization of a high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonator (HBAR)-oscillator-based 4.596~GHz frequency source. A 2.298~GHz signal, generated by an oscillator constructed around a thermally-controlled two-port AlN-sapphire HBAR resonator with a Q-factor of 24000 at 68$^{\circ}$C, is frequency multiplied by 2 to 4.596~GHz, half of the Cs atom clock frequency. The temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) of the HBAR is measured to be $-23$~ppm/$^{\circ}$C at 2.298~GHz. The measured phase noise of the 4.596~GHz source is $-105$~dBrad$^2$/Hz at 1~kHz o…

Direct Phase Locking of a Ti:Sapphire Optical Frequency Comb to a Remote Optical Frequency Standard

We report on an ultralow noise optical frequency transfer from a remotely located Sr optical lattice clock laser to a Ti:Sapphire optical frequency comb through telecom-wavelength optical fiber networks. The inherent narrow linewidth of the Ti:Sapphire optical frequency comb eliminates the need for a local reference high-finesse cavity. The relative fractional frequency instability of the optical frequency comb with respect to the remote optical reference was $6.7(1) \times 10^{-18}$ at 1 s and $1.05(3) \times 10^{-19}$ at 1,000 s including a 2.9 km-long fiber network. This ensured the optical…

Frequency comparison of ${}^{171}$Yb${}^+$ ion optical clocks at PTB and NPL via GPS PPP

We used Precise Point Positioning, a well-established GPS carrier-phase frequency transfer method to perform a direct remote comparison of two optical frequency standards based on single laser-cooled $^{171}$Yb$^+$ ions operated at NPL, UK and PTB, Germany. At both institutes an active hydrogen maser serves as a flywheel oscillator; it is connected to a GPS receiver as an external frequency reference and compared simultaneously to a realization of the unperturbed frequency of the ${{}^2S_{1/2}(F=0)-{}^2D_{3/2}(F=2)}$ electric quadrupole transition in ${}^{171}$Yb${}^+$ via an optical femtoseco…

Free-running InGaAs single photon detector with 1 dark count per second at 10% efficiency

We present a free-running single photon detector for telecom wavelengths based on a negative feedback avalanche photodiode (NFAD). A dark count rate as low as 1 cps was obtained at a detection efficiency of 10%, with an afterpulse probability of 2.2% for 20 μs of deadtime. This was achieved by using an active hold-off circuit and cooling the NFAD with a free-piston stirling cooler down to temperatures of -110${^o}$C. We integrated two detectors into a practical, 625 MHz clocked quantum key distribution system. Stable, real-time key distribution in presence of 30 dB channel loss was possible, y…

Time Transfer Through Optical Fibers (TTTOF): Progress on Calibrated Clock Comparisons

During the last years the transfer of frequency signals through optical fibers has shown ultra low instabilities in various configurations. The outstanding experimental results of such point-to-point connections is motivation to develop a means to extend the frequency transfer to accurate time transfer. We aim at the synchronization of clocks located at different places of the PTB campus with an over-all uncertainty of less than 100 ps. Such an installation can be used as a part of the infrastructure connecting local time scales with the ground station setup during forthcoming ACES experiments…

Frequency stability and phase noise measurements of a 5,860 km-long intercontinental seafloor optical fibre cable

Optical clock comparison via optical fibre links has been achieved over continental scales, but has not yet been demonstrated intercontinentally. The transfer of ultra-stable optical frequencies over transoceanic distances is a challenging task, as the seafloor cable architecture prevents the use of environmental noise suppression techniques currently employed on land-based metrological links. As a fundamental first step towards devising suitable frequency transfer techniques to enable future clock comparison on a global scale, here we show the free-running frequency stability and phase noise …

光学双音时间传递

Optical Two-Tone Time Transfer

本研究提出一种双音光学时间传递方案，降低硬件要求且适配光纤与自由空间网络，在百米自由空间链路实现亚飞秒级长时同步，还完成了碘光学时钟的频率同步与多日比对，装置可兼容全光子集成。