Anatolii Grinshpan, Hugo J. Woerdeman
Hilbert's ternary quartic theorem states that every nonnegative degree 4 homogeneous polynomial in three variables can be written as a sum of three squares of homogeneous quadratic polynomials. We give a linear-algebraic approach to Hilbert's theorem by showing that a structured cone of positive semidefinite matrices is generated by rank 1 elements.
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Ternary real-valued quartics in $\mathbb{R}^3$ being invariant under octahedral symmetry are considered. The geometric classification of these surfaces is given. A new type of surfaces emerge from this classification.
In this work we will discuss the facial structure of the cone of nonnegative ternary quartics with real coefficients. We will establish an equivalence relation on the set of all faces, which preserves certain properties like dimension or the number of common zeros. Moreover we will give a complete list of equivalence classes and we will discuss their dimension and inclusions between them. Eventually we will be able to present a complete lattice of all faces of this particular cone.
Let F denote a homogeneous degree 4 polynomial in 3 variables, and let s be an integer between 1 and 5. We would like to know if F can be written as a sum of fourth powers of s linear forms (or a degeneration). We determine necessary and sufficient conditions for this to be possible. These conditions are expressed as the vanishing of certain concomitants of F for the natural action of SL_3.
We study the reciprocal variety to the linear space of symmetric matrices (LSSM) of catalecticant matrices associated with ternary quartics. With numerical tools, we obtain 85 to be its degree and 36 to be the ML-degree of the LSSM. We provide a geometric explanation to why equality between these two invariants is not reached, as opposed to the case of binary forms, by describing the intersection of the reciprocal variety and the orthogonal of the LSSM in the rank loci. Moreover, we prove that only the rank-$1$ locus, namely the Veronese surface $ν_4(\mathbb{P}^2)$, contributes to the degree o…
An elementary proof of Hilbert's theorem on ternary quartics: Some complements
本文在2012年提出的初等证明基础上，进一步简化了Hilbert关于实系数非负三元四次型可表示为三个二次型平方和的定理证明。
David Hilbert proved that a non-negative real quartic form f(x,y,z) is the sum of three squares of quadratic forms. We give a new proof which shows that if the complex plane curve Q defined by f is smooth, then f has exactly 8 such representations, up to equivalence. They correspond to those real 2-torsion points of the Jacobian of Q which are not represented by a conjugation-invariant divisor on Q.
Ternary quartics and 3-dimensional commutative algebras
我们发现了具有平凡迹的三维交换代数与平面四次线及其双切线之间的联系。
This paper proposes a totally constructive approach for the proof of Hilbert's theorem on ternary quartic forms. The main contribution is the ladder technique, with which the Hilbert's theorem is proved vividly.
The Gram spectrahedron of a real form $f\in\mathbb{R}[\underline{x}]_{2d}$ parametrizes all sum of squares representations of $f$. It is a compact, convex, semi-algebraic set, and we study its facial structure in the case of ternary quartics, i.e. $f\in\mathbb{R}[x,y,z]_4$. We show that the Gram spectrahedron of every smooth ternary quartic has faces of dimension 2, and generically none of dimension 1. We complete the proof that the so called Steiner graph of every smooth quartic is isomorphic to $K_4\coprod K_4$. Moreover, we show that the Gram spectrahedron of a generic psd ternary quartic c…
Convex Ternary Quartics Are SOS-Convex
本文证明了三元四次凸型是平方和凸的，这是希尔伯特1888年定理的凸类似，并指出利用Hessian矩阵结构对证明至关重要。
Quantifier elimination of positive semidefinite cyclic ternary quartic forms is studied in this paper. We solve the problem by the theory of complete discrimination systems, function \RealTriangularize in Maple15 and the so-called Criterions on Equality of Symmetric Inequalities method. The equivalent simple quantifier-free formula is proposed and is difficult to obtain automatically by previous methods or quantifier elimination tools.
In 1888, Hilbert proved that every non-negative quartic form f=f(x,y,z) with real coefficients is a sum of three squares of quadratic forms. His proof was ahead of its time and used advanced methods from topology and algebraic geometry. Up to now, no elementary proof is known. Here we present a completely new approach. Although our proof is not easy, it uses only elementary techniques. As a by-product, it gives information on the number of representations f=p_1^2+p_2^2+p_3^2 of f up to orthogonal equivalence. We show that this number is 8 for generically chosen f, and that it is 4 when f is ch…
Siegel modular forms of degree three and invariants of ternary quartics
本研究确定了三次Siegel模形式分次环的结构，明确其由19个模形式生成并找到7个权的齐次参数系，同时建立了三元四次式的Dixmier-Ohno不变量与这些生成元的完整对应。
We parametrize quartic commutative algebras over any base ring or scheme (equivalently finite, flat degree four $S$-schemes), with their cubic resolvents, by pairs of ternary quadratic forms over the base. This generalizes Bhargava's parametrization of quartic rings with their cubic resolvent rings over $\mathbb{Z}$ by pairs of integral ternary quadratic forms, as well as Casnati and Ekedahl's construction of Gorenstein quartic covers by certain rank 2 families of ternary quadratic forms. We give a geometric construction of a quartic algebra from any pair of ternary quadratic forms, and prove …
Structures of the Length Seven Power Sum Decompositions of Ternary Quartics
本文探讨确定给定次数和维度下最大对称秩的路径，通过研究三次四次型的长度七Waring分解结构，为归纳过程奠定基础，并考察了可能具有根本重要性的技术工具。
Given a nondegenerate ternary form $f=f(x_1,x_2,x_3)$ of degree 4 over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, we use the geometry of K3 surfaces to construct a certain positive-dimensional family of irreducible representations of the generalized Clifford algebra associated to $f.$ From this we obtain the existence of linear Pfaffian representations of the quartic surface $X_f=\{w^4=f(x_1,x_2,x_3)\},$ as well as information on the Brill-Noether theory of a general smooth curve in the linear system $|\mathcal{O}_{X_f}(3)|.$
We show how one can use the representation theory of ternary quartics to construct all vector-valued Siegel modular forms and Teichmüller modular forms of degree 3. The relation between the order of vanishing of a concomitant on the locus of double conics and the order of vanishing of the corresponding modular form on the hyperelliptic locus plays an important role. We also determine the connection between Teichmüller cusp forms on \overline{M}_g and the middle cohomology of symplectic local systems on M_g. In genus 3, we make this explicit in a large number of cases.
(Positive) Quadratic Determinantal Representations of Quartic Curves and the Robinson Polynomial
本文证明了实非负三元四次多项式可表示为半正定矩阵的行列式，但罗宾逊多项式例外，回答了相关问题。
Let ${\mathcal Q}_n^d$ be the vector space of forms of degree $d\ge 3$ on ${\mathbb C}^n$, with $n\ge 2$. The object of our study is the map $Φ$, introduced in papers [EI], [AI1], that assigns every nondegenerate form in ${\mathcal Q}_n^d$ the so-called associated form, which is an element of ${\mathcal Q}_n^{n(d-2)*}$. We focus on two cases: those of binary quartics ($n=2$, $d=4$) and ternary cubics ($n=3$, $d=3$). In these situations the map $Φ$ induces a rational equivariant involution on the projectivized space ${\mathbb P}({\mathcal Q}_n^d)$, which is in fact the only nontrivial rational …
We prove the existence of ternary forms admitting apolar sets of points of cardinality equal to the Waring rank, but having different Hilbert function and different regularity. This is done exploiting liaison theory and Cayley-Bacharach properties for sets of points in the projective plane
At the time of writing, the general problem of finding the maximal Waring rank for homogeneous polynomials of fixed degree and number of variables (or, equivalently, the maximal symmetric rank for symmetric tensors of fixed order and in fixed dimension) is still unsolved. To our knowledge, the answer for ternary quartics is not widely known and can only be found among the results of a master's thesis by Johannes Kleppe at the University of Oslo (1999). In the present work we give a (direct) proof that the maximal rank for plane quartics is seven, following the elementary geometric idea of spli…
As a continuation of the work of Freiermuth and Trautmann, we study the geometry of the moduli space of stable sheaves on $\mathbb{P}^3$ with Hilbert polynomial $4m+1$. The moduli space has three irreducible components whose generic elements are, respectively, sheaves supported on rational quartic curves, on elliptic quartic curves, or on planar quartic curves. The main idea of the proof is to relate the moduli space with the Hilbert scheme of curves by wall crossing. We present all stable sheaves contained in the intersections of the three irreducible components. We also classify stable sheav…
We show that the Hilbert scheme which parameterises bitangent lines to a general quartic surface is a counterexample to the infinitesimal Torelli claim and is a smooth regular surface with no rational curves and very ample canonical divisor.
Curves contained in a quartic determinantal surface containing a line
研究包含一条直线的非常一般四次曲面中的曲线，确定其线性系统、Hilbert方案光滑性及Rao函数。
Quartic curves in the quintic del Pezzo threefold
本文证明五次 del Pezzo 三维簇 X5 上有理四次曲线的 Hilbert 概形 H4(X5) 同构于 X5 上直线的 Hilbert 概形上的 Grassmannian 丛，因此光滑且不可约。
We study the geometry underlying the difference between non-negative polynomials and sums of squares. The hypersurfaces that discriminate these two cones for ternary sextics and quaternary quartics are shown to be Noether-Lefschetz loci of K3 surfaces. The projective duals of these hypersurfaces are defined by rank constraints on Hankel matrices. We compute their degrees using numerical algebraic geometry, thereby verifying results due to Maulik and Pandharipande. The non-SOS extreme rays of the two cones of non-negative forms are parametrized respectively by the Severi variety of plane ration…
A celebrated result by Hilbert says that every real nonnegative ternary quartic is a sum of three squares. We show more generally that every nonnegative quadratic form on a real projective variety $X$ of minimal degree is a sum of $\dim(X)+1$ squares of linear forms. This strengthens one direction of a recent result due to Blekherman, Smith, and Velasco. Our upper bound is the best possible, and it implies the existence of low-rank factorizations of positive semidefinite bivariate matrix polynomials and representations of biforms as sums of few squares. We determine the number of equivalence c…
In 1888 Hilbert showed that every nonnegative homogeneous polynomial with real coefficients of degree $2d$ in $n$ variables is a sum of squares if and only if $d=1$ (quadratic forms), $n=2$ (binary forms) or $(n,d)=(3,2)$ (ternary quartics). In these cases, it is interesting to compute canonical expressions for these decompositions. Starting from Carathéodory's Theorem, we compute the Carathéodory number of Hilbert cones of nonnegative quadratic and binary forms.
Ternary sextics and quaternary quartics are the smallest cases where there exist nonnegative polynomials that are not sums of squares (SOS). A complete classification of the difference between these cones was given by G. Blekherman via analyzing the extreme rays of the corresponding dual cones. However, an exact computational approach in order to build separating extreme rays for nonnegative polynomials that are not sums of squares is a widely open problem. We provide a method substantially simplifying this computation for certain classes of polynomials on the boundary of the PSD cones. In par…
A famous theorem of Hilbert from 1888 states that a positive semidefinite (psd) real form is a sum of squares (sos) of real forms if and only if $n=2$ or $d=1$ or $(n,2d)=(3,4)$, where $n$ is the number of variables and $2d$ the degree of the form. In 1976, Choi and Lam proved the analogue of Hilbert's Theorem for symmetric forms by assuming the existence of psd not sos symmetric $n$-ary quartics for $n \geq 5$. In this paper we complete their proof by constructing explicit psd not sos symmetric $n$-ary quartics for $n \geq 5$.
The Quartic Hessian Conjecture in Dimension Four
本文证明了四维情形下的四次Hessian猜想，将其归约为特定形式的多项式，结合三维、二维Hessian猜想及秩分析完成论证。
Rigid ternary relations in finite-dimensional Hilbert-space Grassmannians
研究有限维希尔伯特空间格拉斯曼流形中饱和子集\(S\)，受射影几何等启发，通过分类将其精确为格拉斯曼流形脊柱的不相交并集，推广了在\(2r\leq d\)情形下的相关结果。
Building on work of Brenner and Monsky from 2010 and on a Hilbert-Kunz calculation of Monsky from 1998, we exhibit a novel example of a hypersurface over $\overline{\mathbb{F}_2}$ in which tight closure does not commute with localization. Our methods involve a surprising tiling argument using Sierpiński triangles, as well as an inspection of a certain dynamical system in characteristic two.
We give some new canonical representations for forms over $\cc$. For example, a general binary quartic form can be written as the square of a quadratic form plus the fourth power of a linear form. A general cubic form in $(x_1,...,x_n)$ can be written uniquely as a sum of the cubes of linear forms $\ell_{ij}(x_i,...,x_j)$, $1 \le i \le j \le n$. A general ternary quartic form is the sum of the square of a quadratic form and three fourth powers of linear forms. The methods are classical and elementary.
In this paper we give some evidence for the Tate (and Hodge) conjecture(s) for a class of Hilbert modular fourfolds X, whose connected components arise as arithmetic quotients of the fourfold product of the upper half plane by congruence subgroups Γof SL(2, O_K), where O_K denotes the ring of integers of a quartic, Galois, totally real number field K. The expected relationship to the orders of poles of the associated L-functions is verified for abelian extensions of \Q. Also shown is the existence of homologically non-trivial cycles of codimension two which are not intersections of divisors.
Bruinier and Yang conjectured a formula for an intersection number on the arithmetic Hilbert modular surface, CM(K).T_m, where CM(K) is the zero-cycle of points corresponding to abelian surfaces with CM by a primitive quartic CM field K, and T_m is the Hirzebruch-Zagier divisors parameterizing products of elliptic curves with an m-isogeny between them. In this paper, we examine fields not covered by Yang's proof of the conjecture. We give numerical evidence to support the conjecture and point to some interesting anomalies. We compare the conjecture to both the denominators of Igusa class polyn…
Sufficiently Regularized Nonnegative Quartic Polynomials are Sum-of-Squares
研究揭示了正则化下非负四次多项式成为平方和的条件，指出四次正则化在多项式优化中的关键作用，区分了可计算与不可计算的优化区域。
In this work we will investigate a certain generalization of the so called S-lemma in higher degrees. The importance of this generalization is, that it is closely related to Hilbert's 1888 theorem about tenary quartics. In fact, if such a generalization exits, then one can state a Hilbert-like theorem, where positivity is only demanded on some semi-algebraic set. We will show that such a generalization is not possible, at least not without additional conditions. To prove this, we will use and generalize certain tools developed by Netzer ([Ne]). These new tools will allow us to conclude that th…
Hilbert's 16th problem for arrangements of curves on a surface
引入组合结构(n,W,T)编码曲线上横截于固定细胞排列的拓扑类型，通过交点、Dyck词和有根树，推广希尔伯特第16问题到曲线排列，完全分类三条线与三次曲线排列，部分分类三条线与四次曲线排列。
I discuss the relation between harmonic polynomials and invariant theory and show that homogeneous, harmonic polynomials correspond to ternary forms that are apolar to a base conic (the absolute). The calculation of Schlesinger that replaces such a form by a polarised binary form is reviewed. It is suggested that Sylvester's theorem on the uniqueness of Maxwell's pole expression for harmonics is renamed the Clebsch-Sylvester theorem. The relation between certain constructs in invariant theory and angular momentum theory is enlarged upon and I resurrect the Joos--Weinberg matrices. Hilbert's pr…
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