Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are effective languages for knowledge representation and reasoning. They are designed based on certain natural languages with restricted lexicon and grammar. CNLs are unambiguous and simple as opposed to their base languages. They preserve the expressiveness and coherence of natural languages. In this report, we focus on a class of CNLs, called machine-oriented CNLs, which have well-defined semantics that can be deterministically translated into formal languages, such as Prolog, to do logical reasoning. Over the past 20 years, a number of machine-oriented CNLs emerged and have been used in many application domains for problem solving and question answering. However, few of them support non-monotonic inference. In our work, we propose non-monotonic extensions of CNL to support defeasible reasoning.
In the first part of this report, we survey CNLs and compare three influential systems: Attempto Controlled English (ACE), Processable English (PENG), and Computer-processable English (CPL). We compare their language design, semantic interpretations, and reasoning services. In the second part of this report, we first identify typical non-monotonicity in natural languages, such as defaults, exceptions and conversational implicatures. Then, we propose their representation in CNL and the corresponding formalizations in a form of defeasible reasoning known as Logic Programming with Defaults and Argumentation Theory (LPDA).
We propose a novel formal framework (called 3D-nCDC-ASP) to represent and reason about cardinal directions between extended objects in 3-dimensional (3D) space, using Answer Set Programming (ASP). 3D-nCDC-ASP extends Cardinal Directional Calculus (CDC) with a new type of default constraints, and nCDC-ASP to 3D. 3D-nCDC-ASP provides a flexible platform offering different types of reasoning: Nonmonotonic reasoning with defaults, checking consistency of a set of constraints on 3D cardinal directions between objects, explaining inconsistencies, and inferring missing CDC relations. We prove the sou…
The Reasoning Lingua Franca: A Double-Edged Sword for Multilingual AI
Nilekani Centre at AI4Bharat(AI4Bharat人工智能中心);Indian Institute of Technology Madras(印度理工学院马德拉斯分校);Google(谷歌);Microsoft(微软);IT University of Copenhagen(丹麦技术大学)
Audit Before You Distill: A Controlled Workflow for Reasoning Transfer into Compact Medical Language Models
Einstein Global Advanced Technologies for Equity (E-GATE), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein(以色列阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医院 爱因斯坦全球公平先进技术中心(E-GATE));Institute of Science and Technology Itaú (ICTi), Itaú Unibanco(伊塔乌联合银行 伊塔乌科学技术研究所(ICTi));School of Sciences, São Paulo State University(圣保罗州立大学 理学院)
An approach based on answer set programming (ASP) is proposed in this paper for representing knowledge generated from natural language texts. Knowledge in a text is modeled using a Neo Davidsonian-like formalism, which is then represented as an answer set program. Relevant commonsense knowledge is additionally imported from resources such as WordNet and represented in ASP. The resulting knowledge-base can then be used to perform reasoning with the help of an ASP system. This approach can facilitate many natural language tasks such as automated question answering, text summarization, and automa…
University of Birmingham(伯明翰大学);Texas Tech University(得克萨斯理工大学);SUNY at Binghamton(纽约州立大学宾汉姆顿分校)
This paper describes an architecture for robots that combines the complementary strengths of probabilistic graphical models and declarative programming to represent and reason with logic-based and probabilistic descriptions of uncertainty and domain knowledge. An action language is extended to support non-boolean fluents and non-deterministic causal laws. This action language is used to describe tightly-coupled transition diagrams at two levels of granularity, with a fine-resolution transition diagram defined as a refinement of a coarse-resolution transition diagram of the domain. The coarse-r…
定义了任意给定的有限正规缺省集D的字典序闭包。一个条件断言“if a then b”在这个字典式闭包中,如果给定默认值D和事实a,则得出b。字典序闭包本质上是D的一个有理扩张,它的有理闭包在前面的文章中定义。它提供了一种正常缺省的逻辑,不同于R. Reiter,这已经足够丰富,不需要考虑非正常违约。提供了大量的例子来表明,字典式闭包对应于赖特的缺省逻辑背后的基本直觉。
The systematic modelling of dynamic spatial systems is a key requirement in a wide range of application areas such as commonsense cognitive robotics, computer-aided architecture design, and dynamic geographic information systems. We present ASPMT(QS), a novel approach and fully-implemented prototype for non-monotonic spatial reasoning -a crucial requirement within dynamic spatial systems- based on Answer Set Programming Modulo Theories (ASPMT). ASPMT(QS) consists of a (qualitative) spatial representation module (QS) and a method for turning tight ASPMT instances into Satisfiability Modulo Theo…
CETINIA Universidad Rey Juan Carlos(胡安卡洛斯国王大学CETINIA);IMDEA Software Institute(IMDEA软件研究所);Universidad Politécnica de Madrid(马德里理工大学);University of Texas at Dallas(德克萨斯大学达拉斯分校)
Automated commonsense reasoning is essential for building human-like AI systems featuring, for example, explainable AI. Event Calculus (EC) is a family of formalisms that model commonsense reasoning with a sound, logical basis. Previous attempts to mechanize reasoning using EC faced difficulties in the treatment of the continuous change in dense domains (e.g., time and other physical quantities), constraints among variables, default negation, and the uniform application of different inference methods, among others. We propose the use of s(CASP), a query-driven, top-down execution model for Pre…
Extensive research has recently shown that recurrent neural language models are able to process a wide range of grammatical phenomena. How these models are able to perform these remarkable feats so well, however, is still an open question. To gain more insight into what information LSTMs base their decisions on, we propose a generalisation of Contextual Decomposition (GCD). In particular, this setup enables us to accurately distil which part of a prediction stems from semantic heuristics, which part truly emanates from syntactic cues and which part arise from the model biases themselves instea…
In this thesis, we introduce a novel formal framework to represent and reason about qualitative direction and distance relations between extended objects using Answer Set Programming (ASP). We take Cardinal Directional Calculus (CDC) as a starting point and extend CDC with new sorts of constraints which involve defaults, preferences and negation. We call this extended version as nCDC. Then we further extend nCDC by augmenting qualitative distance relation and name this extension as nCDC+. For CDC, nCDC, nCDC+, we introduce an ASP-based general framework to solve consistency checking problems, …
DLV是一个高效的逻辑编程和非单调推理(LPNMR)系统,具有先进的知识表示机制和经典关系数据库系统的接口。它的核心语言是具有完整性约束的答案集语义(Answer Set Semantics)下的析取数据库(无函数析取逻辑编程),包括默认和强(或显式)否定以及查询。还支持算术运算和各种内置谓词。此外,DLV有几个前端,即勇敢和谨慎的推理,溯因诊断,基于一致性的诊断,SQL 3的一个子集,使用动作语言进行规划,以及使用继承进行逻辑编程。
HCC Lab., University of Bremen(不来梅大学 HCC 实验室);MPI Lab., Örebro University(厄勒布鲁大学 MPI 实验室);University of Warsaw(华沙大学);Aarhus University(奥胡斯大学)
We propose a hybrid architecture for systematically computing robust visual explanation(s) encompassing hypothesis formation, belief revision, and default reasoning with video data. The architecture consists of two tightly integrated synergistic components: (1) (functional) answer set programming based abductive reasoning with space-time tracklets as native entities; and (2) a visual processing pipeline for detection based object tracking and motion analysis. We present the formal framework, its general implementation as a (declarative) method in answer set programming, and an example applicat…
Institute of Philosophy II, Ruhr Universität Bochum(波鸿鲁尔大学第二哲学研究所);Ruhr Universität Bochum(波鸿鲁尔大学)
In this paper we make a contribution to the unification of formal models of defeasible reasoning. We present several translations between formal argumentation frameworks and nonmonotonic logics for reasoning with plausible assumptions. More specifically, we translate adaptive logics into assumption-based argumentation and ASPIC+, ASPIC+ into assumption-based argumentation and a fragment of assumption-based argumentation into adaptive logics. Adaptive logics are closely related to Makinson's default assumptions and to a significant class of systems within the tradition of preferential semantics…
We express Brewka's prioritised default logic (PDL) as argumentation using ASPIC+. By representing PDL as argumentation and designing an argument preference relation that takes the argument structure into account, we prove that the conclusions of the justified arguments correspond to the PDL extensions. We will first assume that the default priority is total, and then generalise to the case where it is a partial order. This provides a characterisation of non-monotonic inference in PDL as an exchange of argument and counter-argument, providing a basis for distributed non-monotonic reasoning in …
系统Z+ [Goldszynn and Pearl,1991,Goldszynn,1992]是一种形式主义,用于推理形式为“typically if phi then +(with strength cf)”的正规缺省值,其中6是一个正整数。该系统有一个严重的缺点,即它不批准跨异常子类的继承。在本文中,我们提出了一个扩展系统Z+,纠正这个缺点,从默认数据库中提取世界之间的附加条件。我们表明,额外的约束条件不改变数据库的一致性的概念。我们还与竞争默认推理系统进行比较。