Being one of the most common diagnostic imaging tests, chest radiography requires timely reporting of potential findings in the images. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end architecture for abnormal chest X-ray identification using generative adversarial one-class learning. Unlike previous approaches, our method takes only normal chest X-ray images as input. The architecture is composed of three deep neural networks, each of which learned by competing while collaborating among them to model the underlying content structure of the normal chest X-rays. Given a chest X-ray image in the testing phase, if it is normal, the learned architecture can well model and reconstruct the content; if it is abnormal, since the content is unseen in the training phase, the model would perform poorly in its reconstruction. It thus enables distinguishing abnormal chest X-rays from normal ones. Quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach, where an AUC of 0.841 is achieved on the challenging NIH Chest X-ray dataset in a one-class learning setting, with the potential in reducing the workload for radiologists.
Chest X-Rays (CXRs) are widely used for diagnosing abnormalities in the heart and lung area. Automatically detecting these abnormalities with high accuracy could greatly enhance real world diagnosis processes. Lack of standard publicly available dataset and benchmark studies, however, makes it difficult to compare various detection methods. In order to overcome these difficulties, we have used a publicly available Indiana CXR, JSRT and Shenzhen dataset and studied the performance of known deep convolutional network (DCN) architectures on different abnormalities. We find that the same DCN archi…
The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai（西奈山伊坎医学院）；Weill Cornell Medicine（威尔康奈尔医学院）
Building a highly accurate predictive model for classification and localization of abnormalities in chest X-rays usually requires a large number of manually annotated labels and pixel regions (bounding boxes) of abnormalities. However, it is expensive to acquire such annotations, especially the bounding boxes. Recently, contrastive learning has shown strong promise in leveraging unlabeled natural images to produce highly generalizable and discriminative features. However, extending its power to the medical image domain is under-explored and highly non-trivial, since medical images are much les…
Background: Chest X-rays are the most commonly performed, cost-effective diagnostic imaging tests ordered by physicians. A clinically validated AI system that can reliably separate normals from abnormals can be invaluble particularly in low-resource settings. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a deep learning system to detect various abnormalities seen on a chest X-ray. Methods: A deep learning system was trained on 2.3 million chest X-rays and their corresponding radiology reports to identify various abnormalities seen on a Chest X-ray. The system was tested against - 1. A thre…
We consider the problem of abnormality localization for clinical applications. While deep learning has driven much recent progress in medical imaging, many clinical challenges are not fully addressed, limiting its broader usage. While recent methods report high diagnostic accuracies, physicians have concerns trusting these algorithm results for diagnostic decision-making purposes because of a general lack of algorithm decision reasoning and interpretability. One potential way to address this problem is to further train these models to localize abnormalities in addition to just classifying them…
University of Augsburg（奥格斯堡大学）；FX Palo Alto Laboratory（FX帕洛阿尔托实验室）
Automatic medical report generation from chest X-ray images is one possibility for assisting doctors to reduce their workload. However, the different patterns and data distribution of normal and abnormal cases can bias machine learning models. Previous attempts did not focus on isolating the generation of the abnormal and normal sentences in order to increase the variability of generated paragraphs. To address this, we propose to separate abnormal and normal sentence generation by using two different word LSTMs in a hierarchical LSTM model. We conduct an analysis on the distinctiveness of gene…
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）
We present a weakly supervised deep learning model for classifying thoracic diseases and identifying abnormalities in chest radiography. In this work, instead of learning from medical imaging data with region-level annotations, our model was merely trained on imaging data with image-level labels to classify diseases, and is able to identify abnormal image regions simultaneously. Our model consists of a customized pooling structure and an adaptive DenseNet front-end, which can effectively recognize possible disease features for classification and localization tasks. Our method has been validate…
Instance-Guided Report Anchoring for Text-Free 3D Abnormality Segmentation in Chest CT
Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.（西门子美国医疗解决方案公司）；The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）；University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center（西达赛奈医疗中心生物医学成像研究所）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）
Chest X-ray (CXR) is the most common X-ray examination performed in daily clinical practice for the diagnosis of various heart and lung abnormalities. The large amount of data to be read and reported, with 100+ studies per day for a single radiologist, poses a challenge in maintaining consistently high interpretation accuracy. In this work, we propose a method for the classification of different abnormalities based on CXR scans of the human body. The system is based on a novel multi-task deep learning architecture that in addition to the abnormality classification, supports the segmentation of…
University of California, San Diego（加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校）；Google（谷歌）
Automatic medical image report generation has drawn growing attention due to its potential to alleviate radiologists' workload. Existing work on report generation often trains encoder-decoder networks to generate complete reports. However, such models are affected by data bias (e.g.~label imbalance) and face common issues inherent in text generation models (e.g.~repetition). In this work, we focus on reporting abnormal findings on radiology images; instead of training on complete radiology reports, we propose a method to identify abnormal findings from the reports in addition to grouping them …
Chest X-ray is the most common medical imaging exam used to assess multiple pathologies. Automated algorithms and tools have the potential to support the reading workflow, improve efficiency, and reduce reading errors. With the availability of large scale data sets, several methods have been proposed to classify pathologies on chest X-ray images. However, most methods report performance based on random image based splitting, ignoring the high probability of the same patient appearing in both training and test set. In addition, most methods fail to explicitly incorporate the spatial information…
Chest radiography is the most common radiographic examination performed in daily clinical practice for the detection of various heart and lung abnormalities. The large amount of data to be read and reported, with more than 100 studies per day for a single radiologist, poses a challenge in consistently maintaining high interpretation accuracy. The introduction of large-scale public datasets has led to a series of novel systems for automated abnormality classification. However, the labels of these datasets were obtained using natural language processed medical reports, yielding a large degree of…
Understanding model predictions is critical in healthcare, to facilitate rapid verification of model correctness and to guard against use of models that exploit confounding variables. We introduce the challenging new task of explainable multiple abnormality classification in volumetric medical images, in which a model must indicate the regions used to predict each abnormality. To solve this task, we propose a multiple instance learning convolutional neural network, AxialNet, that allows identification of top slices for each abnormality. Next we incorporate HiResCAM, an attention mechanism, to …
University of Utah（犹他大学）；Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute（科学计算与成像研究所）
Deep learning has shown recent success in classifying anomalies in chest x-rays, but datasets are still small compared to natural image datasets. Supervision of abnormality localization has been shown to improve trained models, partially compensating for dataset sizes. However, explicitly labeling these anomalies requires an expert and is very time-consuming. We propose a potentially scalable method for collecting implicit localization data using an eye tracker to capture gaze locations and a microphone to capture a dictation of a report, imitating the setup of a reading room. The resulting RE…
Chest X-rays are the most common diagnostic exams in emergency rooms and hospitals. There has been a surge of work on automatic interpretation of chest X-rays using deep learning approaches after the availability of large open source chest X-ray dataset from NIH. However, the labels are not sufficiently rich and descriptive for training classification tools. Further, it does not adequately address the findings seen in Chest X-rays taken in anterior-posterior (AP) view which also depict the placement of devices such as central vascular lines and tubes. In this paper, we present a new chest X-ra…
University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；University of Pittsburgh Medical Center（匹兹堡大学医学中心）
Creating a large-scale dataset of abnormality annotation on medical images is a labor-intensive and costly task. Leveraging weak supervision from readily available data such as radiology reports can compensate lack of large-scale data for anomaly detection methods. However, most of the current methods only use image-level pathological observations, failing to utilize the relevant anatomy mentions in reports. Furthermore, Natural Language Processing (NLP)-mined weak labels are noisy due to label sparsity and linguistic ambiguity. We propose an Anatomy-Guided chest X-ray Network (AGXNet) to addr…
Phu Tho Department of Health（富寿省卫生厅）；Vingroup Big Data Institute（Vingroup大数据研究院）；VinUniversity（VinUniversity大学）；Phu Tho General Hospital（富寿综合医院）
Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems for chest radiographs using artificial intelligence (AI) have recently shown a great potential as a second opinion for radiologists. The performances of such systems, however, were mostly evaluated on a fixed dataset in a retrospective manner and, thus, far from the real performances in clinical practice. In this work, we demonstrate a mechanism for validating an AI-based system for detecting abnormalities on X-ray scans, VinDr-CXR, at the Phu Tho General Hospital - a provincial hospital in the North of Vietnam. The AI system was directly integrated into …
Siemens Healthineers（西门子医疗）；Massachusetts General Hospital（麻省总医院）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）
The interpretation of chest radiographs is an essential task for the detection of thoracic diseases and abnormalities. However, it is a challenging problem with high inter-rater variability and inherent ambiguity due to inconclusive evidence in the data, limited data quality or subjective definitions of disease appearance. Current deep learning solutions for chest radiograph abnormality classification are typically limited to providing probabilistic predictions, relying on the capacity of learning models to adapt to the high degree of label noise and become robust to the enumerated causal fact…
Machine learning models for radiology benefit from large-scale data sets with high quality labels for abnormalities. We curated and analyzed a chest computed tomography (CT) data set of 36,316 volumes from 19,993 unique patients. This is the largest multiply-annotated volumetric medical imaging data set reported. To annotate this data set, we developed a rule-based method for automatically extracting abnormality labels from free-text radiology reports with an average F-score of 0.976 (min 0.941, max 1.0). We also developed a model for multi-organ, multi-disease classification of chest CT volum…
Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine（京都大学医学研究科）
Rationale and objectives: Several studies have evaluated the usefulness of deep learning for lung segmentation using chest x-ray (CXR) images with small- or medium-sized abnormal findings. Here, we built a database including both CXR images with severe abnormalities and experts' lung segmentation results, and aimed to evaluate our network's efficacy in lung segmentation from these images. Materials and Methods: For lung segmentation, CXR images from the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology (JSRT, N = 247) and Montgomery databases (N = 138), were included, and 65 additional images depict…
As deep networks require large amounts of accurately labeled training data, a strategy to collect sufficiently large and accurate annotations is as important as innovations in recognition methods. This is especially true for building Computer Aided Detection (CAD) systems for chest X-rays where domain expertise of radiologists is required to annotate the presence and location of abnormalities on X-ray images. However, there lacks concrete evidence that provides guidance on how much resource to allocate for data annotation such that the resulting CAD system reaches desired performance. Without …
Google Health, Google（谷歌健康，谷歌）；Apollo Radiology International（阿波罗国际放射医学）；Northwestern Medicine（西北医学）
Chest radiography (CXR) is the most widely-used thoracic clinical imaging modality and is crucial for guiding the management of cardiothoracic conditions. The detection of specific CXR findings has been the main focus of several artificial intelligence (AI) systems. However, the wide range of possible CXR abnormalities makes it impractical to build specific systems to detect every possible condition. In this work, we developed and evaluated an AI system to classify CXRs as normal or abnormal. For development, we used a de-identified dataset of 248,445 patients from a multi-city hospital networ…
Universidad Tecnológica Nacional（阿根廷国家技术大学）；Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires（布宜诺斯艾利斯意大利医院）；Universidad de Buenos Aires（布宜诺斯艾利斯大学）；Universidad Nacional del Litoral（国立海岸大学）
This work aims to analyze standard evaluation practices adopted by the research community when assessing chest x-ray classifiers, particularly focusing on the impact of class imbalance in such appraisals. Our analysis considers a comprehensive definition of model performance, covering not only discriminative performance but also model calibration, a topic of research that has received increasing attention during the last years within the machine learning community. Firstly, we conducted a literature study to analyze common scientific practices and confirmed that: (1) even when dealing with hig…
The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；Weill Cornell Medicine（威尔康奈尔医学院）
Chest X-ray becomes one of the most common medical diagnoses due to its noninvasiveness. The number of chest X-ray images has skyrocketed, but reading chest X-rays still have been manually performed by radiologists, which creates huge burnouts and delays. Traditionally, radiomics, as a subfield of radiology that can extract a large number of quantitative features from medical images, demonstrates its potential to facilitate medical imaging diagnosis before the deep learning era. In this paper, we develop an end-to-end framework, ChexRadiNet, that can utilize the radiomics features to improve t…
National University of Sciences and Technology（国立科技大学）；Khalifa University（哈利法大学）
Pulmonary diseases can cause severe respiratory problems, leading to sudden death if not treated timely. Many researchers have utilized deep learning systems to diagnose pulmonary disorders using chest X-rays (CXRs). However, such systems require exhaustive training efforts on large-scale data to effectively diagnose chest abnormalities. Furthermore, procuring such large-scale data is often infeasible and impractical, especially for rare diseases. With the recent advances in incremental learning, researchers have periodically tuned deep neural networks to learn different classification tasks w…
Australian Centre for Visual Technologies, The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学澳大利亚视觉技术中心）；School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学公共卫生学院）；School of ITEE, The University of Queensland（昆士兰大学信息技术与电气工程学院）；Institute for Systems and Robotics, Instituto Superior Técnico（葡萄牙里斯本高等技术学院系统与机器人研究所）
We propose new methods for the prediction of 5-year mortality in elderly individuals using chest computed tomography (CT). The methods consist of a classifier that performs this prediction using a set of features extracted from the CT image and segmentation maps of multiple anatomic structures. We explore two approaches: 1) a unified framework based on deep learning, where features and classifier are automatically learned in a single optimisation process; and 2) a multi-stage framework based on the design and selection/extraction of hand-crafted radiomics features, followed by the classifier l…
University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Radboud University Medical Center（拉德堡德大学医学中心）
Chest X-rays are one of the most commonly used technologies for medical diagnosis. Many deep learning models have been proposed to improve and automate the abnormality detection task on this type of data. In this paper, we propose a different approach based on image inpainting under adversarial training first introduced by Goodfellow et al. We configure the context encoder model for this task and train it over 1.1M 128x128 images from healthy X-rays. The goal of our model is to reconstruct the missing central 64x64 patch. Once the model has learned how to inpaint healthy tissue, we test its pe…
Suppression of thoracic bone shadows on chest X-rays (CXRs) has been indicated to improve the diagnosis of pulmonary disease. Previous approaches can be categorized as unsupervised physical and supervised deep learning models. Nevertheless, with physical models able to preserve morphological details but at the cost of extremely long processing time, existing DL methods face challenges of gathering sufficient/qualitative ground truth (GT) for robust training, thus leading to failure in maintaining clinically acceptable false positive rates. We hereby propose a generalizable yet efficient workfl…
Real-World Performance of Autonomously Reporting Normal Chest Radiographs in NHS Trusts Using a Deep-Learning Algorithm on the GP Pathway
behold.ai Technologies Limited（behold.ai科技有限公司）；University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire（考文垂与沃里克郡大学医院）；Mid and South Essex NHS Trust（中埃塞克斯和南埃塞克斯国民保健服务信托基金）
Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah（犹他大学科学计算与影像研究所）；Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah（犹他大学放射学与影像科学系）
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully applied to chest x-ray (CXR) images. Moreover, annotated bounding boxes have been shown to improve the interpretability of a CNN in terms of localizing abnormalities. However, only a few relatively small CXR datasets containing bounding boxes are available, and collecting them is very costly. Opportunely, eye-tracking (ET) data can be collected in a non-intrusive way during the clinical workflow of a radiologist. We use ET data recorded from radiologists while dictating CXR reports to train CNNs. We extract snippets from the ET data b…
CXRs are a crucial and extraordinarily common diagnostic tool, leading to heavy research for CAD solutions. However, both high classification accuracy and meaningful model predictions that respect and incorporate clinical taxonomies are crucial for CAD usability. To this end, we present a deep HMLC approach for CXR CAD. Different than other hierarchical systems, we show that first training the network to model conditional probability directly and then refining it with unconditional probabilities is key in boosting performance. In addition, we also formulate a numerically stable cross-entropy l…
X2CT-CLIP: Enable Multi-Abnormality Detection in Computed Tomography from Chest Radiography via Tri-Modal Contrastive Learning
Peter Munk Cardiac Centre（彼得·芒克心脏中心）；University Health Network (UHN)（大学健康网络）；University of Toronto (U of T)（多伦多大学）；Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research（泰德·罗杰斯心脏研究中心）；Toronto General Hospital Research Institute（多伦多综合医院研究所）；Vector Institute（矢量研究所）
Thoracic diseases are very serious health problems that plague a large number of people. Chest X-ray is currently one of the most popular methods to diagnose thoracic diseases, playing an important role in the healthcare workflow. However, reading the chest X-ray images and giving an accurate diagnosis remain challenging tasks for expert radiologists. With the success of deep learning in computer vision, a growing number of deep neural network architectures were applied to chest X-ray image classification. However, most of the previous deep neural network classifiers were based on deterministi…
X-rays are commonly performed imaging tests that use small amounts of radiation to produce pictures of the organs, tissues, and bones of the body. X-rays of the chest are used to detect abnormalities or diseases of the airways, blood vessels, bones, heart, and lungs. In this work we present a stochastic attention-based model that is capable of learning what regions within a chest X-ray scan should be visually explored in order to conclude that the scan contains a specific radiological abnormality. The proposed model is a recurrent neural network (RNN) that learns to sequentially sample the ent…
Velammal College of Engg and Tech（维拉马尔工程技术学院）；Thiagarajar College of Engg（蒂亚加拉贾工程技术学院）
The research work presented in this paper is to achieve the tissue classification and automatically diagnosis the abnormal tumor region present in Computed Tomography (CT) images using the wavelet based statistical texture analysis method. Comparative studies of texture analysis method are performed for the proposed wavelet based texture analysis method and Spatial Gray Level Dependence Method (SGLDM). Our proposed system consists of four phases i) Discrete Wavelet Decomposition (ii) Feature extraction (iii) Feature selection (iv) Analysis of extracted texture features by classifier. A wavelet…
Deep neural networks for image-based screening and computer-aided diagnosis have achieved expert-level performance on various medical imaging modalities, including chest radiographs. Recently, several works have indicated that these state-of-the-art classifiers can be biased with respect to sensitive patient attributes, such as race or gender, leading to growing concerns about demographic disparities and discrimination resulting from algorithmic and model-based decision-making in healthcare. Fair machine learning has focused on mitigating such biases against disadvantaged or marginalised group…
Many radiological studies can reveal the presence of several co-existing abnormalities, each one represented by a distinct visual pattern. In this article we address the problem of learning a distance metric for plain radiographs that captures a notion of "radiological similarity": two chest radiographs are considered to be similar if they share similar abnormalities. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNs) are used to learn a low-dimensional embedding for the radiographs that is equipped with the desired metric. Two loss functions are proposed to deal with multi-labelled images and potentia…
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks have proven effective in solving the task of semantic segmentation. However, their efficiency heavily relies on the pixel-level annotations that are expensive to get and often require domain expertise, especially in medical imaging. Weakly supervised semantic segmentation helps to overcome these issues and also provides explainable deep learning models. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to the semantic segmentation of medical chest X-ray images with only image-level class labels as supervision. We improve the disease localization accuracy by combinin…
Chest X-Ray (CXR) images are commonly used for clinical screening and diagnosis. Automatically writing reports for these images can considerably lighten the workload of radiologists for summarizing descriptive findings and conclusive impressions. The complex structures between and within sections of the reports pose a great challenge to the automatic report generation. Specifically, the section Impression is a diagnostic summarization over the section Findings; and the appearance of normality dominates each section over that of abnormality. Existing studies rarely explore and consider this fun…
IBM Research – Almaden Research Center（IBM研究院阿尔马登研究中心）
Chest X-rays (CXRs) are among the most commonly used medical image modalities. They are mostly used for screening, and an indication of disease typically results in subsequent tests. As this is mostly a screening test used to rule out chest abnormalities, the requesting clinicians are often interested in whether a CXR is normal or not. A machine learning algorithm that can accurately screen out even a small proportion of the "real normal" exams out of all requested CXRs would be highly beneficial in reducing the workload for radiologists. In this work, we report a deep neural network trained f…
University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）；Cerebriu AS（Cerebriu公司）；Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学）
Pulmonary opacification is the inflammation in the lungs caused by many respiratory ailments, including the novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Chest X-rays (CXRs) with such opacifications render regions of lungs imperceptible, making it difficult to perform automated image analysis on them. In this work, we focus on segmenting lungs from such abnormal CXRs as part of a pipeline aimed at automated risk scoring of COVID-19 from CXRs. We treat the high opacity regions as missing data and present a modified CNN-based image segmentation network that utilizes a deep generative model for dat…
Concordia University（康考迪亚大学）；Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre（桑尼布鲁克健康科学中心）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）
Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that has had devastating effects on the world. Recently, new COVID-19 variants are emerging making the situation more challenging and threatening. Evaluation and quantification of COVID-19 lung abnormalities based on chest Computed Tomography (CT) scans can help determining the disease stage, efficiently allocating limited healthcare resources, and making informed treatment decisions. During pandemic era, however, visual assessment and quantification of COVID-19 lung lesions by expert radiologists become expensiv…
